Monday, August 24, 2020

The Masculine Mandate free essay sample

Ladies populate our military, media outlet, hands on plant floors, boutiques, salons, and pretty much every other expert job in American culture. There are ground-breaking female government officials, heroes, and competitors. Look pretty much anyplace and one can without much of a stretch discover ladies filling about each position that cutting edge society brings to the table. Look at a similar scene from a manly point of view, be that as it may, and the story rapidly turns out to be vastly different. Not many men can take on social jobs characteristically ordered as female without risking being named as â€Å"gay† or â€Å"sissy.† If a lady tries to turn into a law authorization official, society extols her (as they should), however in the event that a male undertakings to stitch or offer types of assistance as an airline steward professionally, society views his strange political race with a dubious eye, as though to ask â€Å"Isn’t that a lady’s job?à ¢â‚¬  It is clear that this socio-social shame has been a unintended impact of the women’s rights development and the resulting across the board holding onto of women's activist qualities as a country. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Masculine Mandate or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Obviously, both of these things were acceptable, genuinely necessary outlook changes; they permitted ladies to fill jobs recently confined to guys just, in casting a ballot corners and dormitory and cockpits the country over. Obviously, there has never been a men’s rights development the very idea is ridiculously preposterous. All things considered, men have effectively commanded almost every part of intensity in about each culture since the beginning of development. Along these lines, manliness has gotten a lot to hyperbolic and exaggerated, being anticipated from each male. A similar degree of misrepresented gentility has not been anticipated from ladies since their social freedom in the twentieth century, subsequently the false reverence of the present sociological atmosphere. Ladies don't hazard distance from their friends in the event that they seek after a profession as a specialist or space explorer, yet men who look to fill customarily female jobs, for example, beautician or design advisor, face scorn and homophobic appellations, regardless of the way that the vast majority of these men aren’t even gay! The disgrace goes a long ways past the work environment. Simply go for a walk down the corridors of any American secondary school and one will right away notification the inexcusable treatment of the male populace who has ladylike peculiarities. Sitting with one leg traversed the other, motioning a tad too colorfully, or wearing pastels is sufficient to warrant vile obnoxious attack and physical provocation by other, more â€Å"manly†, understudies, the greater part of who are uninformed to the point that they can't perceive the way that since somebody neglects to resemble a NFL player, doesn’t imply that he is a gay. As a glaring difference, the female understudies who play sports, wear cut-up pants, and smoke while spending time with their typical company of male mates, are adored. Unbelievably enough, nobody appears to see this glaring lip service. All things considered, this a genuinely a senseless issue in any case. Who cares if a man needs to paint nails professionally, shave his legs, or blog about style? No conceivable mischief can emerge out of it. This has been demonstrated in that ladies have been filling generally manly jobs in the public eye for as long as 50 years, and there presently can't seem to be any negative aftermath. Pretty much: help up. The jobs men decide to fill ought not be dictated by cultural weight or preferentially created standards, yet rather exclusively by the individual alone.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

EMBA 560 Executive position week 4 discussion 4 Essay

EMBA 560 Executive position week 4 conversation 4 - Essay Example It infers the popular expressions of Alfred Lord Tennyson: â€Å"Theirs not to make answer, Theirs not to motivation behind why. Theirs however to do and die.† The sonnet â€Å"The Charge of the Light Brigade† is brimming with brio and boast, yet no different the 600 troopers it depicted all charged to their demise without knowing why. Had their pioneers disclosed why they needed to make the charge, at that point the warriors would have realized that â€Å"someone had blunder’d† and likely would have declined to charge. Numerous officials abstain from clarifying the â€Å"why† in light of the fact that it welcomes exchange and conversation, it connects with the devotees to investigate the method of reasoning of the activity plan and to offer their own feelings, questions, and recommendations. It carries the adherents to the degree of the official in any event, for yet the term of the question’s thought. Thinking carries individuals to the nor mal level that rationale forces on individuals. At the point when an individual clarifies why, he/she lays before his crowd the manner of thinking that drove him/her to the activity plan. The perspective is in this manner revealed to the crowd for their thought †and judgment. The judgment might be great, and it might be most certainly not. On the off chance that it isn't, at any rate to certain individuals, at that point the regular human conduct is pose inquiries which the individual doing the clarification. On the off chance that that individual was in a place of authority, and he was unable to protect his rationale from the inquiries, at that point it considers his followers’ view of him as a pioneer. 2.A connect to the Martin Luther King I Have a Dream Speech can be found in the webliography.â The full discourse is just 17 minutes in length and definitely justified even despite your time.â There are important exercises for officials in the structure and conveyanc e of the talk.â Listen to and break down the speech.â What makes this discussion so moving? The discourse itself is brimming with symbolism, analogies, and engaging descriptive words. A case of a representation is the comparing of the Declaration of Independence as a check or promissory note, and proceeded with separation to the default of the check. It additionally utilizes rehashed phrases â€Å"Go back to â€â€Å" , â€Å"I have a fantasy â€Å", and â€Å"Let opportunity ring â€â€Å" referenced over and over attracts accentuation to explicit focuses and pictures. The discourse was compelling in making a desire to move quickly (â€Å"Now†), and drawing accentuation on the promptness of a full and fair goals. Basically, the discourse is powerful on the grounds that it first puts forth the defense for the authenticity of the shaded people’s request for fairness, calling upon the guarantee of the Declaration of Independence pronouncing all men equivale nt. At that point while it lauds the new militancy of the minorities individuals, it likewise alerts against viciousness and doubt against white individuals and calls attention to that opportunity and correspondence for the blacks is fundamentally connected to the pleasure in opportunity of the whites. From that point forward, Dr. Lord makes a dream of blacks and whites living amicably together as equivalents †his celebrated â€Å"I have a dream† arrangement of announcements. He cites bountifully from famous enthusiastic melodies (â€Å"My nation tis of thee†) lastly, he finishes with a notable Negro profound and makes it the high purpose of the whole discourse. In the way of conveyance, Dr. Lord makes all around set stops, and in certain spots runs on starting with one sentence then onto the next to look after force. The sentences were longer before all else and the symbolisms conveyed with accentuation, and towards the end as force was developed the sentences go t shorter and then some

Friday, July 17, 2020

Belbins Team Roles How Understanding Team Roles Can Improve Team Performance

Belbins Team Roles How Understanding Team Roles Can Improve Team Performance HOW UNDERSTANDING TEAM ROLES CAN IMPROVE TEAM PERFORMANCEExtraordinary teams begin with Belbin! Who’s Belbin?Belbin is a British analyst and a board scholar best known for his research on supervisory crews.Belbins 1981 book Management Teams displayed ends from his work telling us how individuals from teams collaborated amid business diversions.Among his key decisions was the suggestion that a successful team has individuals that cover eight (later nine) jobs in dealing with the group and how it completes its function.This might be discrete from the job each colleague has in completing crafted by the team.Belbin Team Roles is the dialect of groups, empowering people to have the capacity to extend and discuss their conduct qualities in a gainful, safe and non-fierce way.By utilizing Belbin, people have a more prominent self-comprehension of their qualities, which prompts progressively compelling correspondence among partners and supervisors.Extraordinary groups can be assembled, exis ting groups can be comprehended and enhanced, and everybody can feel that they are having some kind of effect in the work environment.Belbin additionally characterized trademark shortcomings that will, in general, go with each group job.He considered the trademark shortcomings of group jobs the admissible shortcomings; concerning any social shortcoming, these are territories to know about and possibly move forward.Belbin and his group found that there are nine types of conduct these were called Team Roles’.Each group needs access to every one of the nine Team Role practices to end up a high performing group.Be that as it may, this doesnt imply that each group requires nine individuals!A great many people will have a few Team Roles that they are mostly okay with, and this can change after some time.Each Team Role has its qualities and shortcomings, and everyone has a significant approach.Be that as it may, not all are constantly required in the meantime it is critical to initiall y take a gander at the group targets, and work out which errands should be embraced.Team Roles depict the conduct that we can perceive when we cooperate with others. Each group job is really a procedure in managing work and with associates.As such, the most desirable style of participation that can be seen by working with others.Team roles are the ideal instrument to utilize these diverse styles to their fullest potential.TEAM ROLES ARE INTEGRAL A team must comprise of various jobs to accomplish the most extreme execution. The nine jobs are basically corresponding.They supplement and fortify one another, yet they can likewise repudiate and rival one another.A Team role says a ton regarding the style of work of a colleague and originates from the identity of the person.Practically speaking, we as a whole have a few Team roles that fit us normally and some that we truly dont care for.THE BELBIN’S NINE TEAM ROLES AND THEIR TALENTSThe team Roles comprise of three classifications: acti vity situated jobs, which incorporate shaper, implementer and completer/finisher jobs; individuals arranged roles, which incorporate facilitator, group laborer and asset investigator roles; and thought-situated roles, which incorporate plant, screen evaluator and authority roles.Groups framed based on Belbins classifications are powerful in accomplishing their destinations in light of the fact that there are no covering roles or missing characteristics in the team.Shaper RoleIn a group, the shaper role is performed by individuals who are dynamic and relish difficulties.Instead of quit when looked with difficulties, shapers keep up a positive mental frame of mind and endeavor to locate the most ideal approaches to beat the difficulties confronting the group.Shapers are outgoing people and have extraordinary relational abilities and work toward rousing other colleagues.Implementer Role Individuals who assume the implementer job in a team are individuals who really complete things in t he team.They are down-to-earth, proficient and efficient. Implementers transform the groups thoughts and contemplations into real designs.As a result of their moderate nature, implementers are fairly unbending and ease back to acknowledge the change in a team.Implementer Role is the down-to-earth coordinator inside the team.Restrained, methodical and assignment arranged. Implementer puts designs and thoughts into effortlessly executable errands.He/she can be excessively commonsense and traditionalist when the value of new thoughts isnt quite clear.Completer/ Finisher RoleFinishers have an eye for detail. In a group, theyre viewed as fussbudgets in light of the fact that theyre the ones who identify mistakes or oversights and endeavor to guarantee that the group clings to due dates.Theyre flawless and unsure and stress at the scarcest indication of an issue.Finishers likewise have an issue with the assignment; they would preferably be overpowered over sharing their work with others.F inisher has the ability to instinctively feel what could turn out badly.This prompts a great deal of consideration regarding subtleties, checking and rechecking, and a propensity to hairsplitting.He/she screens the quality and wellbeing, however, can here and there be overprotective and think that it’s hard to designate things to other people.Coordinator RoleCoordinator is the regular organizer of the group. He/she takes care of systems, helps colleagues elucidate goals and outlines what everybody needs. He/she has a sense about ability and realizes how to use individuals to their maximum capacity.Organizer confides in others and delegates effectively.However, in some cases, they tend to leave the excessive work to other people.Facilitators are viewed as having the customary group team. They develop, are positive about nature and have extraordinary hearing ability. They manage the exercises of the group to what they distinguish to be the groups commitments.Organizers are great at appointing obligations, however, they might be manipulative with regards to coordinating the group toward what they see to be its objectives.Team Worker Role Team Workers are the general population who guarantee the group stays joined together. They progress in the direction of settling struggle or issues influencing the teams elements.Team workers are exceptionally strong among other colleagues and are along these lines, famous inside the team.Team Workers are known to be cautious amid basic leadership since they prefer not to be viewed as favoring one side: they put group attachment in front of their basic leadership capacities.Team Worker is the touchiest individual from the group, supportive, obliging and concentrated on making a wonderful environment and feeling of fellowship. He/she inclines toward parity and congruity and is close to others.A team worker experiences issues with struggle and may experience difficulty taking choices at basic occasions.Resource Investigator Role Resource investigators are curious and eager in nature and have extraordinary arranging and systems administration abilities.They are outgoing individuals, which makes it simple for others to identify them.Through their systems administration aptitudes, resource specialists create outside contacts and consult for the teams resource. They are snappy masterminds and great at getting data from other individualsThe investigator is the chipper, outgoing individual with a bunch of contacts both inside and outside the group.He/she is eager, brave and liberal and continually searching for new thoughts. Asset Investigator is normally great at creating and looking after contacts, however, may wind up thoughtless when the oddity wears off.Monitor-Evaluator RoleThe monitor is reasonable, astute and basic.The investigator of the group. He/she is continually investigating circumstances and needs to get to the base of things.As monitor, he/she may think long and completely and their judgment can b e at times off-base.These are the basic scholars in a group.They do not kid around and are careful in nature. Instead of racing into basic leadership, they want to fundamentally examine data before making any final decisions.Screen evaluators do not have the ability to inspire other colleagues and are considered to be moderate in basic leadership.Specialist RoleWorkers with excellent learning in a specific zone have the authority job. Their commitment to the group is restricted just to their specialized topic. Their need is in keeping up their expert principles.Despite the fact they demonstrate incredible pride in their specialized field, they exude practically zero enthusiasm towards others.But in terms of their master learning, theyre impeccable members of a team.The team worker is the most delicate individual of the group.They are supportive, obliging and focused on making a great environment and feeling of fellowship. He/she favors equality, friendliness and is close to other te am members.Team worker experiences issues with strife and may experience difficulty taking choices at regular occasions.Plants Role Plants are creative individuals from the group. They think of unique methodologies and thoughts that assist the group in taking care of issues or conquering difficulties.Plants are self-observers in nature and have poor relational abilities. Plants want to work alone. They respond well to appreciation, but are largely influenced by negative analysis.The plant is the innovative mastermind of the group. Inventive and unique.A free soul who needs space to fantasize about new and amazing answers for complex issues.The plant isnt constantly reasonable and once in a while misses what others require from him/her.The Team roles recognized by Belbin depend on specific examples of conduct that individuals display inside groups. These examples of conduct can affect the execution of the group.The start of the Belbin group job’s hypothesis is very straightforward. At the point when people end up mindful of their own qualities and capacities and comprehend the job that the individual is fit for playing inside a group, it causes them to bargain better with the requests of the group condition.Since the Belbin team roles are known, this instrument can be utilized in various ways.One can decide an ideal condition for another undertaking or make an examination of the present team to recognize the roles and the abilities.This can likewise be utilized to recognize the self-awareness territories so as to take a team to a larger amount.Another strategy is assessing team execution by utilizing team roles. Here are some extra tips to utilize the team roles hypothesis:Utilize the Belbin Team Roles to examine a group and the outcomes to a. oversee qualities and b. enhance shortcomings.A team role does not really need to apply to one individual in light of the fact that an individual can likewise have a few roles.It is tied in with clearing up the qualities and shortcomings so they can be adjusted in the correct way.Utilize the Belbin Team Roles to comprehend the group. This is the manner by which you can anticipate choices that could not be right and conceivable clashes.Utilize the Belbin Team Roles to look at self-recognition and the impression of others. This will result in profitable talks that will lead to new bits of knowledge.BUT THE IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBERBelbin Team Roles measure conduct, instead of identity.A persons identity characteristics can be recognized to be genuinely steady and unchangeable.Conduct can and frequently changes to empower you to adjust to new workplaces and difficulties.It must be noticed that while your present working style may be an ideal fit with your activity job and the way of life of your work environment right now, imagine a scenario where you moved office or even association.You may find that you could shape your role around your present team roles qualities, however more likely your pract ices would adjust to address the necessities of your work and your team, along these lines they can change!Understanding this is an incredibly favorable position.Through undertakings, competency of those errands, diverse roles, and duties in a team and not to mention progressing in the direction of or trying towards roles can help make that role end up crystal clear.In spite of the fact that a decent group mirrors each of the nine of Belbins group jobs, this does not imply that a group must be made out of nine people.It just implies that every one of the nine roles must be within each and every member of a group and numerous groups are made out of individuals who do more than one Belbin job.On the off chance that another group is being made without preparation, thought should be given to filling the group with individuals who can bring qualities of every one of the nine jobs to the group.For existing groups that are not sufficiently gainful, certain individuals may be replaced so as to guarantee that all the Belbin jobs are available within the team.Belbin says that understanding team role is critical to understanding within conduct.At the point when colleagues have a reasonable understanding of their own roles inside a group and the groups objectives, there is a more grounded feeling of duty.Furthermore, great communication is the soul of a fruitful group.This can be formal or casual. The recurrence of correspondence will regularly be dictated by the separation between colleagues.Research demonstrates that the closest colleagues are to one another as far as where they sit, the more prominent their odds of imparting.In bigger premises, colleagues may not work in a space where communication is just a matter of talking over a short separation.Team gatherings give a perfect chance to the team to screen its encouraging and to design future objectives.Gatherings ought to likewise be utilized by individuals to share their victories and give positive criticism of acc omplishments.Moreover for better understanding in a team trust is advanced through appointment, straightforwardness and encouraging thoughts.A decent group pioneer delegates tasks to individuals and afterward abandons them to assume liability for those assignments.Impedance (from the pioneer or others) will leave a colleague feeling that there is no trust in his or her capacities to satisfy a job.An unmistakable refinement should be made between giving help and undermining a group member by endeavoring to assume control over his or her errand.In the event that a task has been appropriately assigned to a colleague, designation functions admirably.Permitting colleagues to create, can make trusting and a group head should be watchful for open doors for individual colleagues to develop, regardless of whether this implies supporting a group member to apply for positions somewhere else.The way to straightforwardness is having great connection.Groups ordinarily find that gatherings are a d ecent method for imparting successfully. Gatherings ought to be held routinely and incorporate a motivation thing on advancement audits.Empowering thoughts amid group gatherings encourage individuals to feel esteemed as well as to feel trusted.Besides, gatherings give chances to groups to bond and kinships can even be shaped.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Theory The Wife s Decision - 964 Words

In this situation, called â€Å"Posthumous Publication,† the theory the wife seems to be utilizing is the consequentialism that has many different theories with it. One of those theories in this family is the act utilitarianism. According to Shafer-Landau â€Å"an action is morally right if and only if it does more to improve overall well-being than any other action you could have done in the circumstance,† (p 115). The wife was trying to improve the happiness of the literary community by having the writings published, So the question remains did the wife’s actions improve overall well-being under these circumstances? Even though it can be seen as a positive thing, but there are some bad that can come out of the wife’s decision. John Wesley had a philosophy on life. According to Shafer-Landau â€Å"It requires us to move beyond egoistic concerns, and focus on improving the lives of others, as well as our own,† (p 112). Wesley was talking about consequentialism where a person’s actions are â€Å"morally required† (p114), to be able to produce the best results. To be able to produce the best results the wife would first have to weigh all her options. To weigh her options, the consequentialism five steps is what Wallace’s wife might have asked herself to make an informed decision. The first step in this process ‘identify what is worth having for its own sake,† (Shafer-Landau, p 114). The wife might have asked herself if there was any value in Wallace’s writings. The value is priceless to theShow MoreRelatedParse s Theory Of Human Becoming1033 Words   |  5 PagesParse’s theory of human becoming is one of the influential theory in nursing. It basically helps to guides nurses as they care for the sick to concentrate on the quality of life their patients lived as they go through that difficult time. 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In fact, Kant and HumeRead MoreFeminism In The Necklace1068 Words   |  5 Pagesconducting a worthwhile feminist analysis of this literature, the feminist theory will be widely used. The feminist theory which is an extension of feminism in philosophical disclosure aims at understanding the existence and nature of gender inequality. The theory examines social roles of different gender, their interest, positions in society and privileges to explain feminism. Noticeably, various themes covered under feminist theory include patriarchy, oppression and stereotyping just to men tion a fewRead MoreHow to Brief a Case843 Words   |  4 Pagesstate the circumstances and events that led to the plaintiff suing the defendant as well as any facts relevant to the issue(s).) The parties were married for over 13 years, but, prior to the marriage the Husband purchased a home solely in his name. 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Admission Essay Free Essays

There are several reasons why I would like to get hold of an Advanced Certificate in Health Care Management: my passion and dedication for my job, promotion/personal growth, willingness to learn more, I want to lead the organization someday, and because I may want to change careers someday. My primary motivation is my job. See, I am a caseworker of the Department of Health and Human Services. We will write a custom essay sample on Admission Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now I love my job too much that I would like to further what I currently know to be able to better serve the families, children, other individuals that I am engaged with. The skills that I have, for instance, in: 1) communication, 2) statistical analysis, 3) research, 4) etc will be enhanced and polished as well through the aforementioned program. Second, I also want to the best in my chosen field and so I will strive hard and do everything to be in top shape. In relation to that, I also want to get promoted to a better position, which in turn will provide me with increased reparation. This of course will not only help me keep up with life, it will also help me assist my family to experience better life. Third has something to do with my attitude. I simply have the willingness to learn and I always crave for more and for something new. I want to learn new things. In fact, I have always been curious about health economics, long-term care, as well as, the business facets of managed care and I really look forward to going over those topics. Fourth, honestly I would also want to become a manager someday. If I obtain an Advanced Certificate in Health Care Management, I will have the necessary managerial training that will make be become effective as a manager in leading day to day operations especially when it comes to the demanding tasks of planning and budgeting. Last but not least, in case I would like to move on to another health-related career, then I can easily do that as well because an Advanced Certificate in Health Care Management entails sub-courses that help individuals like me with various concentrations and needs. Reference * No reference will be provided for this because this entails personal statements. How to cite Admission Essay, Essays Admission Essay Free Essays It would be incredible for one to contemplate enrolling for his postgraduate degree in a different institution other than that which he has successfully completed his undergraduate course. It is the contentment I got when undertaking my undergraduate degree in your institution that I got no reason but to come back. I therefore aspire to enroll for my dental school in your institution, the University Of Washington School Of Dentistry. We will write a custom essay sample on Admission Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now I have always harbored the dream to pursue dentistry to the uttermost right from a very tender age. This desire was not only reinforced and propelled when I joined your institution for my undergraduate degree but was further stabilized and made more achievable. I am particularly drawn to your school because it is one of those that have very many opportunities within and without campus. This sees to it that tasks and projects that have otherwise been thought of as impossible are easier. With a great hospital in the campus, interns are send there. This indicates that they are under close and careful supervision. There is thus no question about not being the best and reliable dentist if you have had the envied chance to pursue your degree in this institution. Not only is there a great hospital but also a cancer center and numerous labs. The students can therefore conduct their research work satisfactorily and present there results. As a matter of fact, I have worked in many labs under the department of biology as well as having done an undergraduate chemistry research for a year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Again this is school that I have a great liking for. I also love the professors at UW since their competence is not one to question. I therefore would very much appreciate it if you reconsidered my request and grant me the chance to pursue my dream in your institution because it is not only that I love the school but it is also my home school where I grew up and learned and would feel very much honored to have my dental school from here. This is so because I believe that for one to be able to reach out to those that are far, one needs to have helped those near and its my intention that I serve my home place before reaching out to the rest of the world. Reference: Ebony,(2003). Historically Black Medical Schools: Providing Critical Health Care, Training and Research. Volume 58 How to cite Admission Essay, Essays

Saturday, April 25, 2020

Why Is Abortion Legal in the United States free essay sample

For those who believe that human personhood begins during the early stages of pregnancy, the Supreme Courts decision and the state law repeals that preceded it may seem horrific, cold, and barbaric. And it is very easy to find quotes from some pro-choicers who are completely unconcerned about the bioethical dimensions of even third-trimester abortions, or who have a callous disregard for the plight of women who do not want to have abortions, but are forced to do so for economic reasons.As a member of the pro-choice movement, I have committed to the idea that abortion should be legal. But even I have doubts, significant doubts, about where my movement is sometimes headed. As we consider the issue of abortionand all American voters, regardless of gender or sexual orientation, have an obligation to do soone question dominates: Why is abortion legal in the first place? In the case of  Roe v. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is Abortion Legal in the United States? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Wade, the answer boils down to one of personal rights versus legitimate government interests. The government has a legitimate interest in protecting the life of an embryo or fetus (see  Does a Fetus Have Rights? ), but embryos and fetuses do not have rights themselves unless and until it can be determined that they are human persons. Women are, obviously, known human persons. They make up the majority of known human persons. Human persons have rights that an embryo or fetus does not have until its personhood can be established. For various reasons, the personhood of a fetus is generally understood to commence between 22 and 24 weeks.This is the point at which the neocortex develops, and it is also the earliest known point of viabilitythe point at which a fetus can be taken from the womb and, given the proper medical care, still have a meaningful chance of long-term survival. The government has a legitimate interest in protecting the potential rights of the fetus, but the fetus itself does not have rights prior to the viability threshold. So the central thrust of  Roe v. Wade  is this: Women have the right to make decisions about their own bodies. Fetuses, prior to viability, do not have rights.Therefore, until the fetus is old enough to have rights of its own, the womans decision to have an abortion takes precedence over the interests of the fetus. The specific right of a woman to make the decision to terminate her own pregnancy is generally classified as a privacy right implicit in the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments, but there are other constitutional reasons why a woman has the right to terminate her pregnancy. The Fourth Amendment, for example, specifies that citizens have the right to be secure in their persons; the Thirteenth specifies that {n}either slavery nor involuntary servitude .. . hall exist in the United States. Even if the privacy right cited in  Roe v. Wade  were dismissed, there are numerous other constitutional arguments that imply a womans right to make decisions about her own reproductive process. If abortion were in fact homicide, then preventing homicide would constitute what the Supreme Court has historically called a compelling state interestan objective so important that it overrides constitutional rights. The government may pass laws prohibiting death threats, for example, despite the First Amendments free speech protections.But abortion can only be homicide if a fetus is known to be a person, and fetuses are not known to be persons until the point of viability. In the unlikely event that the Supreme Court were to overturn  Roe v. Wade  (see  What ifRoe v. Wade  Were Overturned? ), it would most likely do so not by stating that fetuses are persons prior to the point of viability, but instead by stating that the Constitution does not imply a womans right to make decisions about her own reproductive system. This reasoning would allow states to not only ban abortions, but also to mandate abortions if they so chose.The state would be given absolute authority to determine whether or not a woman will carry her pregnancy to term. There is also some question as to whether or not a ban on abortions would actually prevent abortions. Laws criminalizing the procedure generally apply to doctors, not to women, which means that even under state laws banning abortion as a medical procedure, women would be free to terminate their pregnancies through other meansusually by taking drugs that terminate pregnancies but are intended for other purposes. In Nicaragua, where abortion is illegal, the ulcer drug misoprostol is often used for this purpose.

Wednesday, March 18, 2020

Why You Should Consider Uploading Your Books to IngramSpark

Why You Should Consider Uploading Your Books to IngramSpark How can you add another stream of passive book-sale income? Upload your books to  IngramSpark. Ingram has been a global book distributor for decades, and partnered with Lightning Source in 2009 to become a print-on-demand publisher. The beauty of print-on-demand is that you don’t have to pay for a print run- books aren’t printed until they’re actually ordered.   As a long-time global distributor, Ingram makes books available for distribution to every outlet in the world, including libraries, indie bookstores, and university bookstores. Some authors have complained that even local bookstores who love local authors won’t carry books printed Other authors complain about CreateSpace’s bad customer service, hidden costs, and the quality of the books. I’m not saying CreateSpace isn’t a great option, because I personally know several authors who are very happy with their experience of publishing with CreateSpace. But why not take advantage of every market? I especially appreciate having my books available on  Indiebound.org  for readers who carry torches for indie bookstores. And the real plus for IngramSpark is that you can send a copy of your book for consideration to Barnes Noble’s Small Press Department (barnesandnobleinc.com/publishers-authors/sell-your-book-at-barnes-noble/). So far, I’ve had three of my books accepted, and when I sent two together, BN ordered 36 copies of each. Plus, if you promote your books with BN links, there’s nobody there selling used copies of your books to take new sales away. If you use IngramSpark, you can bop around to bookstores and let them know your book is available in Ingram’s database (or, if you’re an introvert, just call and ask if they have it - maybe they’ll order a couple!). Before you quit your day job, there is a caveat: if you want to sell many books, you have to choose the 55 percent discount to booksellers, and make the books returnable. After Ingram takes their cut, I only make a bit over $4 per book. You can choose a 40 percent discount, but probably won’t sell as many books. Here’s a tip: IngramSpark usually has two periods during the year when they offer a free promo (spring and fall), so you don’t have to pay their standard $49 (print) or $25 (ebook) setup fee.   If you’re in a hurry, that’s not even a high price.   You’ll need to buy an ISBN (https://www.myidentifiers.com/). I have a lot of books, so I made one quantity purchase when I began, which was my primary expense ($295 for 10 ISBNs). Buying your own ISBN lets you provide comprehensive details about your book (including searchable tags) for Bowker’s Books in Print database, which is used Unlike Amazon, IngramSpark provides no setup support- you’ll need to complete the entire pre-production process yourself or hire someone to do the editing and the interior and cover designs, so you have everything (interior and full-size cover) ready to upload.   Interior design is not that hard, and IngramSpark offers very clear info about their specs to make the learning curve easier.   It does take some time to master the process.   After you upload, you’ll receive specific info about any changes that are needed. There’s also a Cover Creator tool, which will send you a template to work with based on the size of your book. Two more reasons: the quality of the books is generally very good, and customer service is excellent. You can even get chat support during office hours in the midst of a frustrating issue. Some authors use both CreateSpace (to get Amazon’s attention) and IngramSpark. Might as well cover all the bases Happy Publishing!

Monday, March 2, 2020

Emperor Justin II - A Concise Biography

Emperor Justin II - A Concise Biography Justin was the nephew of the Emperor Justinian: the son of Justinians sister Vigilantia. As a member of the imperial family, he received a thorough education and enjoyed considerable benefits not available to lesser citizens of the Eastern Roman Empire. His powerful position may be why he was possessed of extreme self-confidence that could be, and often was, viewed as arrogance. Justins Rise to the Throne Justinian had no children of his own, and so it was expected that one of the sons and grandsons of the emperors siblings would inherit the crown. Justin, like several of his cousins, had a bevy of supporters both within and without the palace milieu. By the time Justinian neared the end of his life only one other contender had any real chance of succeeding the emperor: the son of Justins cousin Germanus, also named Justin. This other Justin, a man of considerable military ability, is considered by some historians to have been a better candidate for the position of ruler. Unfortunately for him, the emperors nostalgic remembrance of his late wife Theodora may have harmed his chances. The emperor is well known to have relied heavily on his wifes guidance, and Theodoras influence can be clearly seen in some of the laws Justinian passed. It is possible that her personal dislike of Germanus prevented her husband from forming any serious attachment to Germanus children, Justin included. Furthermore, the future emperor Justin II was married to Theodoras niece Sophia. Therefore, it is likely Justinian had warmer feelings for the man who would succeed him. And, indeed, the emperor named his nephew Justin to the office of cura palatii. This office had usually been held by an individual with the rank of spectabilis, who saw to the general daily business matters at the palace, but after Justin was nominated, the title was usually bestowed upon members of the imperial family or, occasionally, foreign princes. Furthermore, when Justinian died, the other Justin was guarding the Danube frontier in his role as Master of the Soldiers in Illyricum. The future emperor was in Constantinople, ready to take advantage of any opportunity.   That opportunity came with Justinians unexpected death. Justin IIs Coronation Justinian may have been aware of his mortality, but he made no provision for a successor. He died suddenly on the night of November 14/15, 565, having never officially named who was to take up his crown. This did not stop Justins supporters from maneuvering him onto the throne. Though Justinian probably died in his sleep, the chamberlain Callinicus claimed that the emperor had designated the son of Vigilantia as his heir with his dying breath.   In the early morning hours of November 15, the chamberlain and a group of senators who had been wakened from their slumber rushed to Justins palace, where they were met by Justin and his mother. Callinicus related the emperors dying wish and, though he made a show of reluctance, Justin quickly assented to the request of the senators to take up the crown. Escorted by the senators, Justin and Sophia made their way to the Great Palace, where the Excubitors blocked the doors and the patriarch crowned Justin. Before the rest of the city even knew Justinian was dead, they had a new emperor. In the morning, Justin appeared in the imperial box at the Hippodrome, where he addressed the people. The next day he crowned his wife Augusta. And, in a matter of weeks, the other Justin was assassinated. Though most people of the day blamed Sophia, there seems no doubt that the new emperor himself was behind the murder. Justin then set about working to gain the support of the populace. Justin IIs Domestic Policies Justinian had left the empire in financial difficulty. Justin paid his predecessors debts, remitted overdue taxes, and cut back on expenditures. He also restored the consulship that had lapsed in 541. All this helped the local economy, which garnered Justin high marks from the nobility and general populace alike.   But things were not all rosy in Constantinople. In the second year of Justins reign a conspiracy took place, possibly motivated by the political murder of the other Justin. The senators Aetherios and Addaios evidently plotted to poison the new emperor. Aetherios confessed, naming Addaeus as his accomplice, and both were executed. Things ran considerably smoother after that. Justin IIs Approach to Religion The Acacian Schism that had split the Church in the late fifth and early sixth centuries had not ended with an abolishment of the heretical philosophy that triggered the split. Monophysite churches had grown and become entrenched in the Eastern Roman Empire. Theodora had been a firm Monophysite, and as Justinian aged he had grown more and more inclined toward the heretical philosophy.   Initially, Justin showed a fairly liberal religious tolerance. He had Monophysite churchmen released from prison and allowed exiled bishops to come home. Justin apparently wanted to unite the disparate monophysite factions and, ultimately, reunite the heretical sect with the orthodox viewpoint (as expressed at the Council of Chalcedon). Unfortunately, every attempt he made to facilitate concord was met with refusal from intransigent Monophysite extremists. Eventually his tolerance turned to stubbornness of his own, and he instituted a policy of persecution that lasted as long as he was in control of the empire.   Justin IIs Foreign Relations Justinian had pursued a variety of methods to build, maintain and preserve Byzantine lands, and had managed to acquire territory in Italy and southern Europe that had been part of the old Roman Empire. Justin was determined to destroy the enemies of the empire and was unwilling to compromise. Not long after he achieved the throne he received emissaries from the Avars and refused them the subsidies his uncle had granted them. He then formed an alliance with the Western Turks of Central Asia, with whom he fought against the Avars and possibly the Persians, as well. Justins war with the Avars did not go well, and he was forced to grant them even greater tribute than they had initially been promised. The treaty Justin signed with them angered his Turkish allies, who turned on him and attacked Byzantine territory in the Crimea. Justin also invaded Persia as part of an alliance with Persian-controlled Armenia, but this too did not go well; the Persians not only beat back the Byzantine forces, they invaded Byzantine territory and captured several important cities. In November of 573, the city of Dara fell to the Persians, and at this point Justin went insane. The Madness of Emperor Justin II Beset by temporary fits of insanity, during which Justin evidently attempted to bite anyone who came near, the emperor could not help but be aware of his military failures. He evidently ordered organ music to be played constantly to soothe his fragile nerves. During one of his more lucid moments, his wife Sophia convinced him that he needed a colleague to take over his duties.   It was Sophia who chose Tiberius, a military leader whose reputation outshone the disasters of his times. Justin adopted him as his son and appointed him Caesar. The last four years of Justins life were spent in seclusion and relative tranquility, and upon his death he was succeeded as emperor by Tiberius. The text of this document is copyright  ©2013-2015 Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is   not  granted to reproduce this document on another website. For publication permission,  please   contact  Melissa Snell.The URL for this document is:http://historymedren.about.com/od/jwho/fl/Emperor-Justin-II.htm

Friday, February 14, 2020

Globalisation and Ford Motor Company. The golden age of the company Essay

Globalisation and Ford Motor Company. The golden age of the company - Essay Example Globalisation is chosen as topic for this assignment since the significance of this concept is being widely questioned these days. Referring to the adverse impacts of 2009 global financial crisis, it is argued that the globalisation has not led to a rapid growth or economic convergence in the world. On the other hand, many economists hold that this process greatly slowed down economic growth, diverged income levels, and widened the gap between industrialised and developing countries. Therefore, it is reasonable to analyse the effects of globalisation in the context of a specific international company to identify the degree of its effectiveness and flaws. I have selected Ford Motor Company for this assignment as it is the US’ second largest and world’s fifth largest automaker in terms of annual vehicle sales. The company has subsidiaries across the globe and its UK subsidiary is operated under the name Ford of Britain. While analysing the history of the Ford Motor Compan y, it is evident that the mid to late 1990s was the golden age of the company. During this period, the company sold large number of vehicles by taking maximum advantages of a booming American economy with quickly developing stock market and relatively low fuel prices. The situation extremely changed with the dawn of the 21st century. As a result of mounting fuel prices, legacy healthcare costs, and an unstable economy, the company experienced a considerable fall in its sales volume, market shares, and ultimately in profit margins in the beginning of the new century. By 2005, the company’s bonds were downgraded by corporate bond rating agencies, citing to the threatening market condition of the firm. Ford reduced its profit margins even on luxury models since the company was forced to spend higher costs to offset declining demand. The company substantially increased its borrowing capacity to $25 million in order to meet its mounting financial requirements. The skyrocketing lab our costs also hurt the profitability of the company to a great extent. The company’s 2006 annual financial statements reported the biggest loss ($12.7 billion) in the history of Ford and the company management team identified that the firm might take long time to return to its profitability track. The company remained unprofitable in the next two consecutive years. The 2008 global financial crisis worsened the growth rate of the organisation as its all policy responses went in vain due to the negative impacts of this crisis. Although the company returned to profitability in the fiscal year 2009, it is still striving to improve or even stabilise its profit margins. The Ford is also affected by environmental issues as its production processes alleged to have threatened the sustainability of the environment. To illustrate, as Miller (2008) reports, the company was fined for violating state air pollution polices in Brook Park. ` Theoretical framework Conceptually, Globalisation refers to a process through which national economies and cultures are integrated into an international economy so as to enhance international trade, direct foreign investment, migration, and technology sharing. According to the concept, globalisation greatly contributes to effective and rapid circulation of ideas, languages, and cultural ideologies. Obviously, globalisation divided the history into two; age of manual labour and age of technical labour. This concept influences nations to liberalise cross border trade regulations by pointing to the significance of foreign investment and cross-border trade for international business expansion. The theoretical framework of globalisation envisages that this process would contribute to the

Saturday, February 1, 2020

How accurate are selection methods. How is accuracy measured Essay - 1

How accurate are selection methods. How is accuracy measured - Essay Example There are five determinants of accurate recruitment and selection process. They are reliability, validity, legality, generalization and utility. Recruitment involves a pool of candidates being attracted for vacant jobs while selection involves choosing the right candidate from a pool of candidates. It might either be external where recruitment is done or internal, which requires promotion. Employee selection is part of the staffing process of an organization, which also include human resource planning, recruitment and retention activities. In conducting human resource planning, an organization project its likely demand for personnel who posses particular knowledge, skills and abilities (KSAs). Job analysis compares the present level of staffing to anticipated availability of the required personnel in the internal or external labor markets. Organizations carry out the recruitment processes when there is staff turnover or organizational expansion. This enables the organization to fill vacancies as required. Vacancies that are created by natural wastages should be filled as soon as possible. Natural waste is the process that oc curs when employees leave their jobs in order to retire or move to other jobs and not because their employer has made to them leave. When the organization, expands, vacancies are created and needs to be filled by the right personnel who will perform their duties towards achievement of organizational goals. When the organization wants to change direction from its initial business or when partners running organization decides to pull away from one another, the new organization will require new employees who have right abilities and knowledge, especially if most employees remains in one organization leaving the new with a few. When the organization conducts succession planning, vacancies are created. Succession planning is a process whereby internal personnel are identified and developed to fill key or critical organizational

Friday, January 24, 2020

The Right Reaction to Affirmative Action Essay -- Inequality Equality

The Right Reaction to Affirmative Action As much as we would like to forget it, racial and gender disparity has been a part of our history since America was young. Racial disparity is still very evident in American society today as illustrated by continued racial discrimination and remaining signs of societal segregation. One of the key issues that arise when regarding affirmative action is whether or not affirmative action fairly promotes equality and atones for past prejudices. Another concern is whether the current affirmative action policy is the right policy to use. Through the discussion of empirical claims, moral claims, public opinion, international statistics, and the history involved in affirmative action, we have decided that the best position for our candidate is pro-affirmative action with some restrictions. The debate on affirmative action exists because the concerns it deals with impact a vast amount of people, and the effectiveness of affirmative action is constantly questioned. It is a very divisive issue because affirmative action affects different groups of people in different ways, and some benefit more from affirmative action than others. In addition, it causes people to be classified into groups, and at the same time, strives to break down group barriers. It is an issue that is difficult to resolve because people have varied ideas about how the problems of racial inequality and historical discrimination should be addressed. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy created the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity to make sure that hiring practices were made without racial discrimination. Following this order in 1965 Lyndon B. Johnson stated: the executive order requires government contract... ...y 2003. http://www.aacte.org/Membership_Governance/affirmativeactionstmt.pdf {secondary scholarly; print via internet} (not used for evidence) Unemployment rates. 2004. Public Agenda. <http://www.publicagenda.org/issues/factfiles_detail.cfm?issue_type=race&list =9>. {secondary scholarly; print via internet; reputable} Wilson, Pete. "Proposition 209 and the affirmative action debate on the University of California campuses." Feminist Studies 25 (n.d.)1999 <http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=37&did=000000042121378&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1082526756&clientId=9269>. {primary scholarly; print via internet; authoritative} Williams, Walter. Affirmative Action Can't Be Mended. 15 Dec. 1997. CATO Institute. <http://www.cato.org/dailys/12-15-97.html>. {popular news; internet publication; apparently credible} The Right Reaction to Affirmative Action Essay -- Inequality Equality The Right Reaction to Affirmative Action As much as we would like to forget it, racial and gender disparity has been a part of our history since America was young. Racial disparity is still very evident in American society today as illustrated by continued racial discrimination and remaining signs of societal segregation. One of the key issues that arise when regarding affirmative action is whether or not affirmative action fairly promotes equality and atones for past prejudices. Another concern is whether the current affirmative action policy is the right policy to use. Through the discussion of empirical claims, moral claims, public opinion, international statistics, and the history involved in affirmative action, we have decided that the best position for our candidate is pro-affirmative action with some restrictions. The debate on affirmative action exists because the concerns it deals with impact a vast amount of people, and the effectiveness of affirmative action is constantly questioned. It is a very divisive issue because affirmative action affects different groups of people in different ways, and some benefit more from affirmative action than others. In addition, it causes people to be classified into groups, and at the same time, strives to break down group barriers. It is an issue that is difficult to resolve because people have varied ideas about how the problems of racial inequality and historical discrimination should be addressed. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy created the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity to make sure that hiring practices were made without racial discrimination. Following this order in 1965 Lyndon B. Johnson stated: the executive order requires government contract... ...y 2003. http://www.aacte.org/Membership_Governance/affirmativeactionstmt.pdf {secondary scholarly; print via internet} (not used for evidence) Unemployment rates. 2004. Public Agenda. <http://www.publicagenda.org/issues/factfiles_detail.cfm?issue_type=race&list =9>. {secondary scholarly; print via internet; reputable} Wilson, Pete. "Proposition 209 and the affirmative action debate on the University of California campuses." Feminist Studies 25 (n.d.)1999 <http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=37&did=000000042121378&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1082526756&clientId=9269>. {primary scholarly; print via internet; authoritative} Williams, Walter. Affirmative Action Can't Be Mended. 15 Dec. 1997. CATO Institute. <http://www.cato.org/dailys/12-15-97.html>. {popular news; internet publication; apparently credible}

Thursday, January 16, 2020

Debt and Trial Balance Essay

DRIVE PROGRAM SEMESTER SUBJECT CODE & NAME BK ID CREDITS MARKS ASSIGNMENT WINTER 2013 MBADS/ MBAFLEX/ MBAHCSN3/ MBAN2/ PGDBAN2 1 MB0041 FINANCIAL AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING B1624 4 60 Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme. Q. No Questions Marks Total Marks 1 Give the classification of Accounts according to accounting equation approach with its meaning and examples. Compare the traditional approach with modern approach of accounting equation approach. Analyze the transaction under traditional approach. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. 20. 1. 2011 Paid salary Rs. 30,000 20. 1. 2011 Paid rent by cheque Rs. 8,000 21. 1. 2011 Goods withdrawn for personal use Rs. 5,000 25. 1. 2011 Paid an advance to suppliers of goods Rs. 1,00,000 26. 1. 2011 Received an advance from customers Rs. 3,00,000 31. 1. 2011 Paid interest on loan Rs. 5,000 31. 1. 2011 Paid instalment of loan Rs. 25,000 31. 1. 2011 Interest allowed by bank Rs. 8,000 Classification of accounting equation approach with meaning and examples Analysis of transaction –with accounts involved-nature of accountaffects and debit/credit 2 4 10 6 The following trial balance was extracted from the books of Chetan, a small businessman. Do you think it is correct? If not, rewrite it in the correct form. Debits Stock Purchases Returns outwards Rs. Credits 8250 Capital 12750 Sales 700 Returns inwards Rs. 10000 15900 1590 Discount received Wages and salaries Rent and rates Sundry debtors Bank Overdraft 800 2500 1850 7600 2450 Discount allowed Scooty Carriage charges Sundry creditors Bills payable 800 1750 700 7250 690 Journal entries of all the transactions Conclusion 3 6 10 4 From the given trial balance draft an Adjusted Trial Balance. Trial Balance as on 31. 03. 2011 Debit balances Furniture and Fittings Buildings Rs. Credit balances Rs. 10000 Bank Over Draft 16000 500000 Capital Account 400000 Sales Returns 1000 Purchase Returns 4000 Bad Debts 2000 Sundry Creditors 30000 Sundry Debtors 25000 Commission Purchases 90000 Sales Advertising 20000 Cash 10000 Taxes and Insurance 235000 5000 General Expenses 5000 7000 Salaries TOTAL 20000 690000 TOTAL 690000 Adjustments: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Charge depreciation at 10% on Buildings and Furniture and fittings. Write off further bad debts 1000 Taxes and Insurance prepaid 2000 Outstanding salaries 5000 Commission received in advance1000 Preparation of ledger accounts Preparation of trial balance 4 6 10 4 Compute trend ratios and comment on the financial performance of Infosys Technologies Ltd. from the following extract of its income statements of five years. (in Rs. Crore) Particulars 2010-11 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 27,501 22,742 21,693 16,692 13,893 Operating Profit (PBIDT) 8,968 7,861 7,195 5,238 4,391 PAT from ordinary activities 6,835 6,218 5,988 4,659 3,856 Revenue (Source: Infosys Technologies Ltd. – Annual Report) Preparation of trend analysis Preparation of trend ratios 4 Conclusion 5 4 10 2 Give the meaning of cash flow analysis and put down the objectives of cash flow analysis. Explain the preparation of cash flow statement. Meaning of cash flow analysis Objectives of cash flow analysis 3 Explanation of preparation of cash flow analysis 6 2 10 5 Write the assumptions of marginal costing. Differentiate between absorption costing and marginal costing. Assumptions of marginal costing (all 7 points) 4 Differences of marginal and absorption costing (Includes all 8 6 points) 10

Wednesday, January 8, 2020

Quotes on Strategic Composition in the Writing Process

The writing process is the series of overlapping steps that most writers follow in composing texts. Also called the composing process. In composition classrooms before the 1980s, the writing was often treated as an orderly sequence of discrete activities. Since then--as a result of studies conducted by Sondra Perl, Nancy Sommers, and others--the stages of the writing process have come to be recognized as fluid and recursive. Beginning in the mid-1990s, research in the field of composition studies began to shift again, from an emphasis on process to a post-process focus with the emphasis on pedagogical and theoretical examination of culture, race, class, and gender (Edith Babin and Kimberly Harrison, Contemporary Composition Studies, Greenwood, 1999). Reflect on these facts, and your own writing process, as you explore the following excerpts. Process vs. Product: Writing Workshops A watchword of much recent composition theory is process: teachers are warned against concentrating on papers as products and invited to engage with papers as part of the writing process. . . .Teachers interested in the writing process may turn their classes into writing workshops in which commentary on papers is designed to spark an ongoing process of revision. In at least one influential model, this workshop atmosphere follows from the belief that students already know how to express themselves, that writing is based on an innate competence for expression.(Harry E. Shaw, Responding to Student Essays, Teaching Prose: A Guide for Writing Instructors, edited by K.V. Bogel and K. K. Gottschalk, Norton, 1984) The Recursive Nature of the Writing Process   [D]uring any stage of the writing process, students may engage mental processes in a previous or successive stage.(Adriana L. Medina, The Parallel Bar: Writing Assessment and Instruction, in  Reading Assessment and Instruction for All Learners, ed. by Jeanne Shay Schumm. Guilford Press, 2006)- The term [recursive] refers to the fact that writers can engage in any act of composing--finding ideas, thinking about ways of organizing them, imagining ways of expressing them--at any time during their writing and often perform these acts many times while writing.(Richard Larson, Competing Paradigms for Research and Evaluation in the Teaching of English.  Research in the Teaching of English, October 1993) Creativity and the Writing Process The open-ended writing process may lead to successive versions of a short piece of writing as it goes through various stages or transformations: you end up keeping what is in effect the last version and throwing away all the previous ones--that is, throwing away 95 percent of what you have written. . . .If you separate the writing process into two stages, you can exploit these opposing muscles [of creativity versus critical thinking] one at a time: first be loose and accepting as you do fast early writing; then be critically toughminded as you revise what you have produced. What youll discover is that these two skills used alternately dont undermine each other at all, they enhance each other.For it turns out, paradoxically, that you increase your creativity by working on critical thinking. What prevents most people from being inventive and creative is fear of looking foolish.(Peter Elbow, Writing With Power: Techniques for Mastering the Writing Process, 2nd ed. Oxford University. Pre ss, 1998) Writers on the Writing Process You must write first and avoid afterward. A writer is in no danger of splitting an infinitive if he has no infinitive to split.(Stephen Leacock, How to Write, 1943)- In the writing process, the more a story cooks, the better. The brain works for you even when you are at rest. I find dreams particularly useful. I myself think a great deal before I go to sleep, and the details unfold in the dream.(Doris Lessing in Mrs. Lessing Addresses Some of Lifes Puzzles, by Herbert Mitgang. The New York Times, April 22, 1984) Criticism of the Process Paradigm For many writing teachers and researchers, the thirty-year-old love affair with the process paradigm has finally begun to cool. . .. Frustration has focused on a number of problems: the way writing has been turned into a largely interior phenomenon; the way it has been reduced to a more-or-less uniform sequence of stages (thinking, writing, revision); the way it has been modeled on a single kind of text, the school essay; and the way it has been conceived as the outcome of a general skill that transcends both content and context and is capable of being learned in a short period of time by young people in formal educational settings. At its worst, critics have contended, the process has left our students without a precise language to talk about rhetorical products, without substantive knowledge concerning rhetorical practices and their effects, and without the deep-seated rhetorical habits and dispositions needed for effective and responsible participation in genuinely deliberative de mocracies.(J. David Fleming, The Very Idea of a Progymnasmata. Rhetoric Review, No. 2, 2003)