Bait and Switch Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Therefore, his offer, whether accepted or not cannot in any way bid the dealership in contract (Lee, 2000). Finally, Tony’s promise on the phone cannot be presumed binding in law and intentions. Explain whether or not advertised specials can be taken advantage of by employees of the advertiser In advertising, it is not speculative that employees of advertisers have colluded with companies to mislead and exploit consumers (Johar, 1996). For example, in this particular advertisement, the advertisement quoted in reduced print font that it was only one at that particular offer. These details were so small that interested buyers would have needed a magnifying glass or a microscope to see it. Without the collusion of the advertiser’s employees and the company, these particular details would have been made visible. Since this fact is well known, some jurisdictions, like the United States have held that using bait and switch operations may be sued in a court of law by affected customers for false advertising and also by competing manufacturers for trademark infringement (Lee, 2000). This means that employees of the advertisers can and have been taking advantage of this consumer influencing tool. We will write a custom essay sample on Bait and Switch or any topic specifical ly for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Explain to what extent an advertisement binds the advertiser to the terms of the advertisement Advertising is a way of appealing to the buyer by sellers by presenting the facts of their services and goods so that they can come and buy. Advertisements, therefore, are supposed to be factual and not misleading as far as all the terms and conditions of the advertised goods and services are concerned. Section 238.2 of Advertising and Communication Law analyzes that no one should create an illusionary statement to create a â€Å"false impression of the grade, quality, value, currency of model, size, color, usability or origin of the product offered† that misrepresents the product to the disappointment of the buyer who may be switched from the advertised products to another (Guides Against Bait Advertising, n.d, p.1). In this case, advertisers should be careful because the details of advertisements placed on the public media bids them to such terms. This rule however has loopholes that contradict the legal process when the cases are being presented (Dingell, 1996). Advertise rs have known how to bend the law, as we saw in Tony’s dealership case, where they surely stated that only one pickup track was under the offer quoted in the advertisement, but did so in a way that could not be seen.

Management Decision Making and Case Study - 3581 Words

Faculty of Business, Economics Accounting Department of Business Studies HELP Bachelor of Business Year 1 (HONS) – HUBBU CASE STUDIES Semester 1, 2011 Subject: MGT 101 Principles of Management Subject Lecturer/ Tutor(s): Puan Norzan Abdullah ANALYZING A CASE STUDY STAGE 1: QUICKLY GO THROUGH THE GENERAL SCENARIO PRESENTED TO GAIN A GENERAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE SITUATION. ï‚ · Underline/highlight information which may indicate problems exist STAGE 2: EXAMINE THE QUESTIONS CAREFULLY ï‚ · Read the questions several times-work out what is asking of you STAGE 3: READ THE CASE AGAIN VERY THOROUGHLY ï‚ · Look for evidence STAGE 4: PLAN YOUR ANSWER-SOME GUIDELINES ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · You must be able to cite evidence (s) to support your arguments Apply your†¦show more content†¦CASE STUDY 2 : IKEA’S BELIEVES A STRONG ENVIRONMENTAL STANCE IS GOOD BUSINESS IKEA is an internationally known home furnishing retailer. It has grown rapidly since it was founded in 1943. Today it is the worlds largest furniture retailer, recognized for its Scandinavian style. The majority of IKEAs furniture is flat-pack, ready to be assembled by the consumer. This allows a reduction in costs and packaging. IKEA carri es a range of 9,500 products, including home furniture and accessories. This wide range is available in all IKEA stores and customers can order much of the range online through IKEA’s website. There are 18 stores in the UK to date, the first of which opened in Warrington in 1987. In July 2009 IKEA opened a store in Dublin too - its first in Ireland. IKEA stores include restaurants and cafà ©s serving typical Swedish food. They also have small food shops selling Swedish groceries, everything from the famous meatballs to jam. Stores are located worldwide. In August 2008 the IKEA group had 253 stores in 24 countries, with a further 32 stores owned and run by franchisees. It welcomed a total of 565 million visitors to the stores during the year and a further 450 million visits were made to the IKEA website. IKEA sales reached 21.2 billion Euros in 2008 showing an increase of 7%. The biggest sales countries are Germany, USA, France, UK and Sweden. In 2008 IKEA opened 21 new store s in 11 countries and expects to open around 20Show MoreRelatedLeadership Decision Making. Leaders Will Undeniably Be1147 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership Decision Making Leaders will undeniably be faced with a plethora of different decisions to make. Some of the decisions that they make are not necessarily the most important decisions that are needed to be made, and in most cases these minor decisions will affect nobody but themselves. However some of the decisions that they have to make can affect every person that is involved with the task at hand. 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Fashion Boutique Industry of Kathmandu Free Essays

string(109) " This study is not absolutely free from limitations; the limitations that may be observed are as follows: a\." Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Business Administration. This proposal writing assignment was guided by our course instructor Mr.. We will write a custom essay sample on Fashion Boutique Industry of Kathmandu or any similar topic only for you Order Now Parka’s C. Battier and with his help and my interest I selected the topic: An Overview of the Fashion Boutique Industry of Nepal. I have always been interested in fashion. When I was given this opportunity to do a project work on the interest of my choice, I had no doubt it was going to be related with the fashion industry of Nepal. The fashion industry worldwide seems to be at its glamorous eight, having its reach from New York to Paris to London and Tokyo. All over the globe the latest trends travel so fast that designers are busy making forecasts for each and every season and occasion they can think of. The modern technologies, media, and the entertainment industry have propelled fashion into new, unforeseeable heights. People everywhere are becoming more and more fashion conscious and the Naples are not behind. The increasing number of trendy boutiques in Nepal and almost every major street being lined up with fashion and clothing stores show there is a rising demand for high fashion among the modern Naples. The fashion industry is very lucrative and its scope is unlimited. Nepal, being such a culturally and naturally diverse country, has a lot of inspiration for the fashion industry. If this diversity can be converted into creativity and be sustainable entrenched in the fashion industry of Nepal through the fashion boutiques, this industry would ultimately have a very unique image, so much so that Nepal should also consider it as a potential forte. To understand the current Naples fashion boutiques industry and see the area of potential in it, who better to ask than boutique owners? These are the people who are in the industry; who know about fashion, designs, and trends ultimately shaping the Naples fashion industry into new forms. They are the people who are learning about what is happening in the industry right now and what will or should happen in the future of the fashion industry of Nepal. So, I have decided to survey the boutique owners of the Splendor area of Paten since that seems to be the centre point of the boutique industry of Katmandu valley. With this research, I hope to understand the current market of fashion boutiques in Nepal and discover its constraints as well as potential scope. I have always been fascinated by the fashion industry. It is a mixture of art, pop culture, ideas and creativity. The fashion industries everywhere in the world are on new levels while the Naples fashion industry is still in its infancy. One of the major components of the total fashion industry of Nepal is the fashion boutique industry. Being a business student, I see considerable scope in this industry since it has a constantly growing market and it has the ability to revive itself with the changing times because of the creativity of the designers involved. I chose to research about he fashion boutique industry to see where the boutiques stand in the Naples fashion industry at the moment, to examine the constraints imposed for its growth and to assess its possible scope. As a result, I want to find out whether there is a possibility that it will stand and even compete in the same level with the imported ready-to-wear industry of Nepal in the future. The questions that I would like to address in this study are: 1. What is the current state of fashion boutique industry in Nepal? 2. What are the factors that are hindering the growth of the boutiques of Nepal? . What is the scope of the fashion boutique industry in Nepal? 4. What should be done to propel the fashion boutique industry into an established and respected industry in the country? 1. 3 Objectives of the Study 1. 3. 1 General Objective The main objective of this research is to find out the actual state of the boutique industry of Katmandu I. E. The present state, constraints and t he future scope of the industry. 1. 3. 2 Specific objectives 1. To understand the current state of the fashion boutiques in Katmandu. 2. To identify the constraints faced by the fashion boutiques 3. To identify the scope and opportunities for the fashion boutique industry 1. 4 Importance of the study Fashion is important to almost everyone. Gone are the days where clothes were only used to hide your body or protect it. These days, clothing and style plays a huge role in peoples’ lives. Every day, we see hundreds of people. Whether we see them on the street, at work, at school, or on television, people pass through our visual field. It may be intentional or unintentional but we form opinions about people based on their style of dress. This study will be useful in understanding the current state of fashion boutique industry of Nepal. It will help to determine, as well as, understand the obstacles and constraints faced by the boutique owners of Nepal. It will even help to understand about the state of mind of the Naples in terms of the connection between fashion and boutiques, and also about the influences of international fashion in Nepal. With the completion of this research, areas of potential or scope of the boutique industry or where this industry should be heading will be clear and the possibility of generation of market in fashion will be illustrated. This research will be helpful to anyone who wants a glimpse of the fashion boutique industry of Nepal. It will also be helpful to those people who will want to go in the boutique industry in the future, for creative or business purposes, as the project will illuminate where this industry is heading. 1. 5. Limitations of the study This study is not absolutely free from limitations; the limitations that may be observed are as follows: a. You read "Fashion Boutique Industry of Kathmandu" in category "Fashion" Since the study use primary and secondary data in order to prepare report, the data collection might be influenced by social crisis and personal influence of the data collector. . As the study is to be conducted by the students themselves, many opportunities to conduct a detailed market research may e lost due to budget and time constraints. C. The primary data used in this research will be from only a random sample of boutiques, which may not reflect the opinions of the boutique o wners of the entire industry. D. The secondary data used in this research is limited as no such research has been done in Nepal in the past. E. The study may lack exact information because it is based on the opinions and information provided by the surveyed boutique owners. F. Certain information may be based on approximation. G. Many of the respondents may not answer the questions provided in the questionnaire. Fashion, design and clothing can incorporate a wide range of different activities: These days, almost everything is related to fashion, from cars to architecture to stationery (AS Consultation y Formica ¶n, 2008). However, in this report, when we refer to the fashion sector we will be using the term in its most traditional sense – as the original fashion sector that has expanded to incorporate other parts of our life – the clothing sector and fashion in terms of the way people dress. Apparel products are typically classified into broad categories, such as basic commodity products (knit underwear and socks), fashion-basic products (dress shirts, casual slacks, and knit sportswear), â€Å"better† fashion (moderately priced dresses and suits), â€Å"bridge† fashions (higher priced ready-to-wear fashion products), designer collections (high quality and expensive ready-to-wear fashion products) and custom-made haute couture (Abernathy, et al. , 1999). These fashion categories are often portrayed in a â€Å"fashion pyramid† in which products are arrayed according to factors such as fashion content, length of product life cycle, quality, and price (see Figure 1). The Fashion Pyramid More Fashion Content More Product Differentiation Designer Greater Demand Uncertainty Collections Higher Quality Fabric Higher Price Shorter Product Cycles Shorter Production Runs Diagram 2: The Fashion Pyramid (Derringer Cretan, 2006). The boutiques of Nepal fall in the category of Better Fashions or Bridge Fashion collections. A boutique is a small shopping outlet, especially one that specializes in elite and fashionable items such as clothing and Jewelry. In terms of Nepal, boutiques are a small shopping outlets specializing in fashionable ready-to wear items, as well as a home to the boutique owner’s creations. Dozens of boutiques and fashion designing companies lining up from Bagman Bridge to Himalayan Hotel in Expandable is enough to indicate that fashion has already grown up as an entrepreneurship in Katmandu. Youth have started to see a good prospect in fashion as entrepreneurship. National Institute of Art and Fashion Designing, India Education Center, Unman College of Fashion Technology, Alkaloid Institute of Fashion Designing and Lord Buddha Education Foundation are some of the institute offering fashion education in Nepal. The scene in the Nepal fashion industry is not quite bleak indeed. Fashion boutiques are growing in Katmandu and in other cities like Dharma, Pokka, Butyl, and Bipartisan, too (Timpanist, 2009). Small fashion boutiques remain to have certain advantages over larger retail formats. It is found that find that small fashion boutiques excel in relational marketing and store branding. Small boutiques operators invest their effort in relational marketing by developing friendship with a group of core customers and supplying accurate fashion information to all customers. Although small fashion retailers cannot afford to have specialized marketing staff or a budget for mass media advertisements, their mall size put them in a position to develop relational marketing with their customers much more thoroughly and deeply than large fashion retailers. Also, small fashion boutiques effectively gain store brand equity through flexible visual merchandising and cultivating a charismatic image for the operator. (Chew, 2009) The marketing of boutique follows the conventional marketing patterns, which is dependent on selection of venue of the outlets and the product mix (designs and sizes), as well as the promotional strategy. Furthermore, the boutique owner has to marketing techniques like: -Displaying and distributing it as proper places Usage of electronic media: I. E. Rejection of the boutique in fashion programs, advertisement on television, and provision of dresses to various television plays and films. -Even arrangement: like fashion shows and photo-shoots Moreover, in order to keep abreast with the emerging trends and client tastes, surveys regarding customer satisfaction/needs should be regular feature of the project. As this project deals in designer women wear, therefore the product mix will comprise of different styles of the female dresses in different sizes. Fashion is in an era of change driven by designers, consumers and brands. The fashion industry today, in Nepal like in India, is a mixture of influences due to globalization resulting in a shift in the socio-cultural, economic, demographic and cryptographic make up of the country; these directly and indirectly have an impact on fashion (Insight Inshore, 2011). From the many fashion schools, institutes and other small scale institutes, there has been a birth of a new breed of experimental designers with no reservations about any mode of self expression. There is a rise of new target groups across the diverse sub-continent. Further, there is an increased awareness of fashion accelerated by advances in technology and media proliferation (Insight Inshore, 2011). Boutiques currently have a high potential market, but something missing. There is a shallow awareness of diverse target segments; there isn’t an in-depth understanding to identify diverse requirements new segments. There is an ability to predict the effect of regular media influences on existing target groups, dependence on western trend adaptations; there isn’t an ability to forecast fashion adaptations across a diverse map (Insight Inshore, 2011). There is a traditional static, consumer-research eased approach to design strategy; there isn’t a dynamic approach driven by an understanding of trends, and shoppers along with traditional consumer research. There is mostly independent design and business strategies; there isn’t a cohesive design and business strategy that is borne out of trend, consumer shopper research. 1. 7 Conceptual framework In Nepal, small fashion boutiques that provide its clients with custom-made as well as ready-made innovative designs of clothing. They are becoming increasingly popular, as seen by their presence in every major street of the Katmandu valley. It is essential to analyze their current state so that the future or scope of the boutique industry can be accurately predicted. Purpose of boutiques Cost Customers Socio-economic changes Political scenario Area of expertise Regulations Resource management Competition Diagram 1: Conceptual Framework In this context, this study has made the framework given below to get a glimpse of the fashion boutique industry of Nepal. Here, by getting an idea of the purpose of boutiques, cost and their customers, we can get a pretty good idea about the current state of fashion boutiques of Nepal. From the current state, the future of this industry can be illuminated by exploring the opportunities of this industry such as changes in the socio-economy of the country, finding particular areas of expertise or niche, and expanding resource base. But the growth of the industry is hindered to a certain extent by factors such as competition, regulations of governments, and the political scenario of the country. All this is illustrated in the framework above. 1. 8 Research Methods 1. 8. 1 Study Area The study was conducted by surveying the boutique owners of Katmandu valley, primarily of the Splendor area of Paten. The boutiques were randomly selected and surveyed. I chose this particular location for my study because it is one of the thriving places for boutiques and fashion in Nepal right now, as seen with the entire road being lined up with boutiques on either side. 1. 8. 2 Research Design The main purpose of this study is to give more information about fashion industry of Nepal. Hence, with the help of this study, we come to know about the current state of fashion boutique industry and find its potential scope that is very important for the people who have an interest in this industry, for personal or professional purposes. Therefore, the research design is descriptive in nature. 1. 8. 3 Nature and Source of Data Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. Since the study use both sources of information, both qualitative and quantitative data were utilized for the study. To get information on this study about the current state of fashion boutique industry, various published articles were used. And in order to learn about the future scope of the fashion industry and current market as well, primary data was viewed. Primary data was collected from the randomly selected boutique owners of Splendor and secondary data and information was collected from various published articles and reports, though very little secondary data was used. 1. 8. 4 Data Collection Techniques The structured questionnaire was used to collect the primary data for the study is attached in Annex 2. A set of structured questionnaire was developed to conduct interviews with owners of fashion boutiques. All the information that includes the current market, constraints and scope of the fashion industry was asked with the help of the closed questionnaire. For the sampling procedure, 20 boutiques were elected and the owners of those boutiques were asked questions about their understandings and opinions of the boutique and fashion industry of Nepal. The convenience sampling technique was made use of in the study area. 1. 8. 5 Data Analysis and Report Writing All the collected data has been properly processed by entering the collected data in the computer software SIPS. In SIPS, through the use of various mathematical and statistical tools, the collected data has been refined and analyzed. Different tables, charts, diagrams and graphs have been used as applicable. All these findings have en presented well in the summer project report. CHAPTER – II DATA ANALYSIS AND MAJOR FINDINGS This chapter is the heart of the report. The questionnaires filled by participants are tabulated and analyzed in order to come closer to our objectives. That very analysis is mainly presented in this chapter with the help of figures and charts. Questionnaire brief 20 boutique owners of Splendor had filled out the questionnaire (prototype in Annex) I had provided them with. Below, the answers provided by them are analyzed in order to understand the fashion boutique industry of Nepal and explore its scopes and threats. Note: The words â€Å"boutique owner† and â€Å"designer† are used interchangeably as in case of this report, they both are the same person. In some of the charts and graphs, the total response has come to more than 20 because some respondents have treated the question as multi-response questions. Data Presentation and Analysis 1 . Current state of fashion boutique industry The current state of the boutique fashion industry largely depends on the character, nature, and skill levels of the ones who control the industry I. E. The boutique owners. Presented below is a graph illustrating the basic demography (education level and ender) of those very owners. Figure 1: Education and gender of boutique owners Field study, 2011 As we can see here, 90% of the boutique owners are female while only 10% of them are male. This isn’t a big surprise because it is usually women who are more interested in fashion and trends in general in most societies. Also, all of the owners have completed their bachelor level and some have even achieved their masters’ degree. From the surveys filled out by them, it is seen that all of them have done some kind of course or training related to fashion or design such as Diploma in Fashion Designing, Bachelor in Fashion Design, etc. Some have even gone abroad for their trainings, such as Sunlit Martha Sahara, owner of Jaeger who studied in Metro Design Institute of North Carolina, USA. We can clearly see from the study that currently, all the boutique owners of Katmandu are highly trained professionals with extensive knowledge and training in their fields. 1. 1 Purpose When the boutique owners were asked why they had decided to open a boutique and Join the industry, the results were as follows: Figure 2: Purpose of opening boutiques A staggering 90% of the boutique owners claim to have opened a boutique because hey have a passion for designing and creating new things. Only 10% have chosen this field for other reasons. In the questionnaire, these 10% of the owners have mentioned that they chose this field because they wanted to â€Å"earn money with [their] creativity and skills that [they] possessed as designers†. We see that most boutique owners have chosen to be in this field because they followed their heart. As we have already established in the introduction part of this project that fashion boutiques are small shopping outlets specializing in fashionable ready-to wear items and custom- How to cite Fashion Boutique Industry of Kathmandu, Essays

Nursing Research Methods and Critical

Question: Discuss about the Nursing Research for Methods and Critical. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this report is to find and evaluate a research article from the journal of clinical nursing. This form of critical appraisal is necessary to analyze the importance of research findings and its applicability in different setting according to the context of research. The reviewer used appropriate framework to analyze the content, presentation and clarity of work. This form of systematic evaluation highlights the strength and weakness of the research and to identify the best current practice (LoBiondo-Wood Haber, 2014).This report specifically focuses on the comparative study of stressor in clinical environment experienced by student nurse and newly qualified general nurse. This is descriptive mixed-method research based on cross-sectional survey design to compare level of stress in different nurse group. It provides initial appraisal relating to the rationale for choosing the article along with structured appraisal using the CASP tool (Suresh, Matthews Coyne, 2013). Fi nally, the applicability of the research finding in clinical context is discussed to assess its importance for health organization. Finding evidence, evaluating evidence and making recommendation Finding evidence, own view on article and rational for choosing it The research article chosen from the journal of Clinical Nursing is a mixed-method study which compares the level of job stress in nurses in the clinical environment and explores the views of participants on their perception of stress in work. Both descriptive qualitative analysis as well as quantitative analysis had been conducted through open-ended questionnaire and use of stress assessment tool. The main group participants included new qualified nurse and final year student nurse to identify the perceived difference in opinion regarding the level of stress and stressors in clinical environment. The survey with the participants helped in identifying different themes leading to stress such excessive work load, increased demand and expectation of patients and care providers, complex work relationship and gap in clinical nursing. A relation between academic demand and clinical placement was also found in nurses of both groups (Suresh, Matthews Coyne, 2013). Therefore, if the reliabil ity of the research literature is identified, it can act as an effective framework to bring about positive change in clinical environment for nurses. I have chosen this article as it is clinical importance piece of research to bring improvement in nursing performance. It has been found that nurse performances in hospital are often affected because of stress in the job. There is immense stress in the job due to increase in disease, work hours, shortage of staff and poor interpersonal relationship. The level of stress has also escalated due to increased use of health information technology, rise in medical cost and complex work environment (Hayes, Douglas Bonner, 2015). Stress has adverse consequences not just on the individual nurse, but also on the health outcome of patients and reputation of health organization. Nurse experience burn out due to stress and cannot focus on task thus compromising the health of patients. It leads to errors in professional practice as well as physical deterioration of health and psychological well being of nurse as well as patients (O Donovan, Doody Lyons, 2013). Hence, seeing this problem faced by clinical nurse and its significant impact on the patients and performance of hospitals, I feel this article is useful as it provides insight into the issues faced by nurses. This research article can have positive implication to address stress and stressors in nursing environment. On analyzing the article chosen from Journal of Clinical Nursing, I observed that the researcher carried out both quantitative and qualitative research to analyze all aspects of stress. I found the article to be reliable and trustworthy piece of evidence as the result accurately presented different themes of stress and it will be useful in determining the appropriate support structure in hospital that can enhance the performance of nurses. The two main hypothesis of the research was that stress level is higher in newly qualified nurse compared to student nurses and the perception of stress for both groups will be different. The factors used in nursing stress scale gave the research its rigor and trustworthiness of results. Use of this stress scale gave the research the required validity and reliability to be accepted (Mertens, 2014).The main factor covered in the stress scale included work load, death and dying, lack of clinical preparation, uncertainty in treatment and its outcome, conflict with physician and other nurses. A detailed quantitative data was provided regarding the perceived range of each factor in qualified nurses and student nurses (Suresh, Matthews Coyne, 2013). Therefore, the first hypothesis was proved, however the result was against the second hypothesis as statistical analysis showed that there was difference between stress score the different group of nurses. After analyzing the results of the article, it can be confirmed that stress remains a cause of concern for clinical environment. Both quantitative and qualitative results of the research showed that workload has impact on retention and performance of nurses (Reeve et al., 2013). The suggestion provided by the researcher is also useful to manage stress and provide proper counseling support to nurses. Continuous stress management intervention followed by regular evaluation of nursing performance can help in improving quality of nursing performance and create a positive stress-free work environment. Due to the increased demand of the health service, it is also apparent that some level of stress will always be present in nursing, however, nurses need to learn the skills of proactively managing stress within the clinical environment (Pines et al., 2012). This article will be an effective step to improve the provisions of quality care in nursing. Appraisal of article through CASP tool Systematic review of article is an approach to critically appraising research findings through defining the research question and identifying the eligibility criteria for the search. The subsequent steps are to synthesize the data and interpret the results to determine the credibility and significance of the research in different context (Taylor et al., 2014). The three broad issues that will be considered for appraising the research article through CASP tool- Analyzing the validity of the research Describing the results of the study Explaining the importance of research locally Screening question of CASP tool Clear statement of aim of the research- yes The article by Suresh, Matthews Coyne, (2013) clearly stated the aim of the research by stating that they want to identify and compare the perceived level of stress in final year nursing students and newly qualified nurses. This research was thought importance because adverse impact of stress in nursing environment such as error in nursing practice, poor patient health outcome and psychological stress (Johnston et al., 2013). Stress particularly prevails in the first six months of after placement in hospital, therefore this comparison was important. Is qualitative method appropriate?- No Qualitative method will help in determining the cause of stress and identification of major themes. For this research, qualitative method was not appropriate and quantitative data was also necessary to statistically evaluate the response rate to stress as well as compare the issues related to stress among two groups of nurses. Mixed method study was also important because of lack of adequate quantitative data to support qualitative research on the same topic (Creswell, 2014). Continuity question of CASP tool Appropriateness of research question in relation to aim of research- Yes The researchers have appropriately justified the rational for doing descriptive mixed method study as it was necessary to compare the stress level in two groups. Therefore, for getting the data on perceived level of stress, cross-sectional survey design and self-reporting questionnaire was taken to compare stress level in nurses working in Ireland. Appropriateness of recruitment strategy according to aim of research- Yes The selection of participant was relevant to the aim of the research and the detail on recruitment process was briefly provided by the researcher. 120 newly qualified nurse and 128 student nurse were recruited from six hospitals in Ireland. The inclusion strategy for sampling was to select those qualified nurse who were working in full capacity in acute care setting and nurse student must be working in acute general ward (Suresh, Matthews Coyne, 2013). Reliability of data collection to address the research issue- Not appropriate The research article clearly stated data collection through cross-sectional descriptive survey design through postal survey, however the rational for this method of data collection was not provided. Although complete detail on method of conducting survey was provided by different means of distribution of questionnaires in different hospital, however the questionnaires lacked detail on demographic data. This was the limitation of the method as it would have lead to further insights into the results (Suresh, Matthews Coyne, 2013). Consideration of relationship between researcher and participants- Partly done The researcher tried to maintain credibility of research by taking ethical approval from Research Ethics Committee and by taking steps to minimize the biasness in result by taking a neutral stance on the topic. This had minimum impact of result and true perceptions of nurses were only defined. However, the researcher made sure to take those participants who were willing to take part in the survey (Ritchie, et al., 2013).No change to research design were made, however data collection approach was different for different hospital. Consideration of ethical issues- Yes The ethical standards of research were maintained at different stages of research. Firstly nurse will for participating was considered and it addressed the issue of informed consent and maintaining confidentiality in research. Secondly approval for research was also sought fron University Research Ethics Committee. During collection also, ethical and access approval was taken from all six hospital in Ireland (Suresh, Matthews Coyne, 2013). Strength of data analysis- Yes Thematic analysis was done by means of identifying different themes through nursing stress scale. The complete detail of quantitative analysis through mean score was done by SPSS software package. In qualitative analysis, a sequential pattern was followed according to different theme or cause of stress. Suresh, Matthews Coyne, (2013) also put stress on minimizing biasness by removing their own personal view on the topic and concentrating mostly on verbatim response of participants. Sufficient data and statistical analysis was done and contradictory finding according to the hypothesis was also analyzed. Clarity of research findings- Yes There is clarity in research finding as the qualitative and quantitative results were clearly discussed separately in different sections. Every step had been taken to maintain clarity in results. For example, to facilitate comparison of score, the researcher took steps to assign mean score as to help in thematic as well as numerical analysis. It gave the research validity as major issues leading to stress were identified according to high and low score for each group. Through the verbatim comments of student nurses and newly placed nurses, appropriate themes was presented and discussed separately. The Suresh, Matthews Coyne, (2013) also took steps to discuss the credibility of findings by comparing it with previous study on similar topic. Reliability of the research- yes Suresh, Matthews, Coyne, (2013) reported the about the viability of researched compared to other studies. Contradictory findings according to different themes of stress were explicitly discussed. For example level of stress in relation to lack of preparation, staff support, uncertainty in treatment and conflict with health staffs was high in student nurses, however stress related to workload and conflict with physician was high in newly qualified nurse. The researcher clearly stated the significance of study in bringing changes in nursing education and clinical environment by giving an insight cause of stress in clinical environment. They gave the implication of study for bringing improvement in nursing education and workforce management in hospital. Knowledge translation Application of evidence in clinical context The purpose of critical appraisal of research article is to assess the whether the research is a reliable and trustworthy source of information and discuss whether the research finding can be realistically applied in clinical context. After the critical appraisal of the article on comparing the perceived stress level among newly qualified nurses and student nurse, many factors have been identified that lead to stress and hampers performance of nurse in clinical setting. If relevant health care organization is aware of this barrier in care, then they can take steps to address them and enhance the work environment and psychological well being of nurse. It can also help in improving the confidence level of the nurse and the ability to cope with stress in the job. The themes identified from survey of nurses perception on stress can be useful in bringing change in particular hospital. For example, Suresh, Matthews, Coyne, (2013) showed that stress is present irrespective of different group of nurse, however nature and level of stress changes during academic phase of nursing and during clinical placement phase. The major cause of stress and burnout among nurses according to the research included excessive load, poor interpersonal skills and work relationship, unmet clinical needs, inadequate nursing skills and uncertainty in treatment. There were issues related to lack of empowerment as nurses reported they are forced to listen to physician to maintain professional relationship even when they do not agree with them. Some lacked confidence due to feeling of isolation and some were anxious to to assuming a new responsible role after placement. Therefore findings can be applied in real clinical context by addressing issues of retention difficulties and lack of staffs in nursing. The health care organization and clinical leaders can take steps to evaluate rate of turnover and the reasons for it. This would help in identifying the issues related to turnover and proposing appropriate policy changes to improve retention and enable availability of adequate number of staffs according to patient ratio at the hospital. Some relevant policy changes to improve retention and staffing issues may include change in recruitment strategy, orientation and training and taking steps to improve the work culture of hospital and propose regular quality assessment to maintain quality of care (Li Jones, 2013). Lack of clinical skill also act as stressors in nursing practice, therefore this provides future implication to review the nursing curriculum and placement procedure to ensure that nurses with adequate clinical skills work at the general ward level. This will help to reduce stress level in the job and improve clinical competence of newly qualified nurse. A research study by Cheng et al., (2014) is also the best evidence which showed that a pre-graduate clinical training program given to students before placement helped to increase the competence of nurses and changes their intention to leave the job. Therefore, if nurse educators and health care administrators take steps to provide such clinical training to nurses, then it will be conducive for nurse to adapt to the job and they will develop high self-esteem due to enhance performance and patients health outcome due to their nursing care. The findings of the research article by Suresh, Matthews, Coyne, (2013) can also be applied in the clinical context to bring changes in induction period of nursing placement. The survey through questionnaire revealed that many newly qualified nurse wished to have a buddy in their first clinical placement as they will not dominate over them and also guide them in case of any issue they face in nursing practice. The hospital managers or nurse leaders can learn from this and introduce such systems for newly placed nurse to reduce their stress level and enhance their first clinical experience in the job. There is also evidence from study by Schmutz Manser, (2013) which demonstrated that if team work process in hospital is improved, then it lead to better coordination in health service and also help to reduce conflicts of nurse students with others nurse and physician. It will lead to a positive outcome for patients due to improvement in performance of nurses. Evaluation of applicability of evidence in clinical field If the above evidence-based intervention is effectively applied in clinical setting, it will soon enhance the reputation of the hospital due to delivery of high quality of care. However, before implementing any such change in the organization, the application process must be evaluated to ensure the purpose of change is achieved. This evaluation can be done by clinical reasoning skills and finding other similar research studies which supports efficacy of such results. The evaluation process is not easy, and many hospital administrators fail to embed evidence based practice into routine clinical practice due to lack of knowledge in interpreting research studies and inability to take time out to carry out such evaluation. The attitude of hospital administrators can also be a barrier in evaluation of intervention as they mostly perceive that research studies are separate from actual clinical practice and this cannot be realistically applied (Scott et al., 2013). Evaluation of the efficacy of the intervention can be easier if health care organization become accountable to ensure delivery of safe and high quality care. They will have to embrace evidence-based practice to challenge traditional work process and address issues that exist in nursing practice since the inception of service. Therefore, the organizations readiness to change can have impact on successfully bringing new innovation in health practice. The success of applicability of research finding is also dependent on alignment of change with evidence-based practice. Analysis of any intervention based on best evidence based research will help the nurse to ease the pressure in practice and improve the coping skills in clinical practice (Woods, 2013). Conclusion The report critically evaluated the credibility and applicability of the research article on comparison of stress and stressors experienced by newly placed nurse and final year nursing students. The rational for choosing the article was explained and this article was chosen due to the increased report of shortage of nurses and burnout issues in nurse in clinical setting. A systematic and structured evaluation of the research article was done by critical appraisal through CASP tool. This step was effective in assessing the clarity, strength and weakness of the research study. Finally method of applicability of research finding in clinical context helped to determine how understanding of factors associated with stress can help health administrators to address the problem and bring change in work process and health policy in particular hospital. Embedding evidence based practice in routine clinical practice can serve to address the issues in clinical context (French et al., 2012). Reference Cheng, C. Y., Tsai, H. M., Chang, C. H., Liou, S. R. (2014). New graduate nurses clinical competence, clinical stress, and intention to leave: A longitudinal study in Taiwan.The Scientific World Journal,2014. Creswell, J. W. (2014).A concise introduction to mixed methods research. Sage Publications. Do team processes really have an effect on clinical performance? A systematic literature review.British Journal of Anaesthesia, aes513. French, S. D., Green, S. E., OConnor, D. A., McKenzie, J. E., Francis, J. J., Michie, S., ... Grimshaw, J. M. (2012). Developing theory-informed behaviour change interventions to implement evidence into practice: a systematic approach using the Theoretical Domains Framework.Implementation Science,7(1), 1. Hayes, B., Douglas, C., Bonner, A. (2015). Work environment, job satisfaction, stress and burnout among haemodialysis nurses.Journal of nursing management,23(5), 588-598. Johnston, D. W., Jones, M. C., Charles, K., McCann, S. K., McKee, L. (2013). Stress in nurses: Stress-related affect and its determinants examined over the nursing day.Annals of Behavioral Medicine,45(3), 348-356. Li, Y., Jones, C. B. (2013). A literature review of nursing turnover costs.Journal of nursing management,21(3), 405-418. LoBiondo-Wood, G., Haber, J. (2014).Nursing research: Methods and critical appraisal for evidence-based practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Schmutz, J., Manser, T. (2013). Mertens, D. M. (2014).Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Sage publications. O Donovan, R., Doody, O., Lyons, R. (2013). The effect of stress on health and its implications for nursing. Pines, E. W., Rauschhuber, M. L., Norgan, G. H., Cook, J. D., Canchola, L., Richardson, C., Jones, M. E. (2012). Stress resiliency, psychological empowerment and conflict management styles among baccalaureate nursing students.Journal of advanced nursing,68(7), 1482-1493. Reeve, K. L., Shumaker, C. J., Yearwood, E. L., Crowell, N. A., Riley, J. B. (2013). Perceived stress and social support in undergraduate nursing students' educational experiences.Nurse Education Today,33(4), 419-424. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013).Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Scott, I., Del Mar, C., Hoffmann, T., Bennett, S. (2013). Embedding evidence-based practice into routine clinical care.Evidence-Based Practice Across the Health Professions, 391. Suresh, P., Matthews, A., Coyne, I. (2013). Stress and stressors in the clinical environment: A comparative study of fourth?year student nurses and newly qualified general nurses in ireland.Journal of Clinical Nursing,22(5-6), 770-779. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04145.x Taylor, M. J., McNicholas, C., Nicolay, C., Darzi, A., Bell, D., Reed, J. E. (2014). Systematic review of the application of the plandostudyact method to improve quality in healthcare.BMJ quality safety,23(4), 290-298. Woods, A. D. (2013). Implementing evidence into practice.Nursing2015,43(2), 4-6.

English 101; project 1 draft Essays - Articles, International Law

Azariah Joel Dr. Heather Turner English 101 Project 1 Organization name: The Center for Justice and Accountability Purpose and mission statement: "CJA's mission is to deter torture, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and other severe human rights abuses around the world through innovative litigation, policy, and transitional justice strategies." The Center for Justice and Accountability represents those who have survived torture and other human abuse by prosecuting those who have violated individual rights. CJA has worked on the world's most atrocious cases, such as the "genocide in Guatemala to the campaign of terror led by Pol Pot's regime in Cambodia." Their organization is dedicated to ending human rights abusers while also vindicating the rights of survivors to seek the truth, justice, and redress. By using criminal and civil litigation, CJA strives to emphasize sincerity and refine human rights jurisprudence, while elevating the principles of jurisdiction and the rule of law. CJA's impact has even extended through the casework used in movements abroad that promote transitional justice. CJA has worked to create the United States as a "safe haven" for those who have violated an individual's human rights and prosecutes violators in national courts around the world. They are relentless in the pursuit of justice and truth t o fight the crimes against humanity and other severe human rights abuses. Transitional justice refers to a span of different approaches that societies take as they move from conflict or repression toward the rule of law and respect for human rights. Special attention is required to focus on the victims and survivors, especially those who belong to marginalized groups, such as women, children, and religious, sexual, or ethnic minorities. Transitional justice is often thought to consist of four elements. 1. Justice: holding those most responsible for abuses legally accountable; 2: Truth, giving survivors a full accounting and acknowledgment of the abuses that occurred; 3. Reparation: providing material and moral reparations to survivors; 4. Non-Recurrence: reforming state institutions and strengthening civil society to ensure that the pattern of human rights abuse is not repeated. CJA's transitional justice strategy pursues an innovative approach that integrates the best practices in the fields of international human rights litigation, international criminal investigation and litigation, the rule of law, and the broader human rights movement. Because of their deep, rooted experience of "survivor-centered transnational litigation," CJA pursues initiatives that empower survivor communities and local practitioners to prosecute crimes that have been committed and lay the groundwork for future accountability in different regions of the world. Background information: The Center for Justice and Accountability (CJA) is a US non-profit international human rights organization founded in 1998 and based in San Francisco, California. CJA follows a specific principle used during the Nuremberg trials after World War II. They claim that "certain crimes are so egregious that they represent offenses against all humankind. These crimes include genocide, crimes against humanity, extrajudicial killing, and torture." CJA envisions to create a world in which justice thrives and where every nation has the means and ability to prosecute human rights abusers for obtaining fairness and truth for those that are marginalized in society. Their beliefs are based on bringing justice to both victims and survivors that need representation and guidance to reach relief. For over 20 years, CJA has worked to successfully win cases and create a haven within the United States for those who have experienced maltreatment in different countries. One of CJA's first cases was filed in 1998, in which they sued and eventually won against a war criminal from the Bosnian War. Since then, the organization has defended many communities from all over Spain, Guatemala, and Cambodia. These cases sought accountability for deaths caused by genocide as well as a hybrid tribunal in circumstances that led to the death of "1,700,000 to 3,000,000 Cambodians." These laws have helped advance international human rights and integrate strategies to hold human rights abusers accountable around the globe. Text 1: The first text in this analysis will be based on CJA's news page, which was created to keep their followers informed and up to date with the latest casework. CJA's newest article is titled "Coalition Letter Opposing Nomination of Marshall Billingslea To Department of State's Senior Human Rights Position," published on September 19, 2019. The structure of this text is modern,

College Entrance Essay Outline

College Entrance Essay Outline College Entrance Essay Outline If you are planning to enter college, a college entrance essay is probably something that disturbs you most of all. It is rather natural since your essay will influence much the admission committees decision on whether to accept or reject you. That is why planning properly your admission essay is your primary purpose. So, in this article you will find the guidelines that will help you produce an effective English essay writing outline. Before you start working out your college entrance essay outline, we advise you brainstorm a bit. Ask yourself the following questions that will help you get an idea of what components to include into your college entrance critical essay outline: Why do you prefer this very college to other academic institutions? What career goals do you have for the future? What plan do you have for realization of your goals? What area would you like to specialize in? Why do you think you will be successful at college? Read also: After that, you are ready to pass to your college entrance essay outline. Here are the guidelines that will help you work out an effective college entrance essay outline, thus, make a steady foundation for your essay: Take a big poster and write down your major purpose. It is up to you how to formulate it, as the college entrance essay outline is a draft only that serves you as a compass showing the direction to move by. For instance, you may write something like I want to enter this college because. There is certainly something that influenced your decision to enter this college. So, the first point of your college entrance essay outline is all about the evaluation of the significant experience, achievement, or even a person who helped you make the decision. The next item of your college entrance essay is all about the discussion of your personal, local, and international concern that is very important to you. Think of the concern that might reveal your character but not the one all people care about. Make notes. Finally, in your college entrance essay outline, make notes on the range of your academic interests. How could you contribute to the richness of the college campus community? Outline the range of your abilities and personal perspectives the admission committee might find rather interesting. When making the college entrance essay outline, you are a creator, and whether your creature will become your assistant or wrecker depends on you. If you are in need of well-written college admission essay, do not hesitate to order custom admission essay writing service at our site! We know how to write winning admission essays! Related posts: Essay Writing Need Help Writing a Paper College Term Paper Persuasive Research Paper Term Paper Editing

Abraham Lincoln and Slavery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Abraham Lincoln and Slavery - Essay Example Undoubtedly, Abraham Lincoln is considered one of the most prominent and remarkable president in the America’s history. He lived between February 12, 1809 and April 15, 1865. He was the 16th president of the United States. He served as president from March 1861 until 1865 when he was assassinated. The reason why he is considered the most important president in America’s history is the fact that he led the country through major military, moral, and constitutional crisis - the American Civil War. During his presidency period through this crisis, he was able to end slavery, promote financial and economic modernization, and preserve the Union. 1 Lincoln was brought up in a poor family after his father, Thomas Lincoln, had lost his land through court cases, having been accused of possessing property titles which were faulty. Lincoln, therefore, did not enjoy most of the luxuries that were enjoyed by children from relatively rich family; luxuries such as quality education, go od-conditioned housing, and descent meals among others. Regarding Lincoln’s education, it is approximated that he spent only one-year worth of classes in his formal elementary; most of education he received from various itinerant teachers. It is worth pointing out that he was an avid reader and he acquired most of his knowledge through self-education.2 He eventually became a country lawyer, legislator of Illinois State, and the US House of Representatives member for one term, but he failed twice in his attempt to capture US Senate seat. Lincoln married Mary Todd on November 4, 1842 and got two children, namely Robert and Edward. His political career began on March 1832 with his first campaign for a post in the Illinois General Assembly. Lincoln had professed in 1861 that he had been a steadfast Whig; Whig was a party that subscribed to the ideas of espoused urbanization, protective tariffs in order to fund internal developments, and economic modernization. His beliefs in Whig ’s ideology informed most of his political decisions especially concerning America’s economic growth and development.3 Besides, he favoured unification of the US nation and opposed slavery and its expansion in the US. Therefore, the questions of how and why Lincoln’s ideas about slavery evolved are considered in this paper; besides, it tackles his ideas about Blacks and the institution of slavery. It seems to nearly every person who knows about Abraham Lincoln that his belief on slavery and race was well-defined and firm. It is a well-documented fact that Lincoln was against slavery and racism in period prior to his presidency and after. However, what still puzzles historians, political scientists, and other individuals concerned with Lincoln’s history and issues to do with slavery is whether his fight against the aforementioned issues was because of him being a politician or a leader. Until 1850s, slavery was legal in the southern US but had been outlawe d in the northern states like Illinois. Lincoln was opposed to slavery and its spread, especially to the new territory of western states. As a young person, Lincoln had little knowledge on slavery that was dominant in the south because he had seen little of it as a child. As he grew older, his stance on slavery developed because of what he witnessed and experienced. Lincoln’s marriage to Mary Told contributed greatly to his developed stance on the slavery issue since Mary had had first-hand contact with slavery as she came from a slave- owning family; she, therefore, narrated to him slavery stories.4 In addition, having had a career as an attorney provided him with experience on slavery issue.5 He handled several slavery cases, the most notable being Bailey v. Cromwell and Matson

Advance Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Advance Accounting - Essay Example ncome is generally identified as a construct that causes an entity’s money supply to increase for a specific period of time (Auger, Burke, Devinney, & Louviere, 2003). The means which help the organization in increasing cash reserves is called an asset whereas, the source that causes the money supply of the company to drain is known as expense or liability. The expense occurs when an organization has to pay money in order to keep its daily operations running and this particular head includes salaries of employees, utility bills and other office related short term costs. However, the liability is of two kinds. The first one is called short term liability that has to be paid within one year while the other one which is usually of a long term nature and has to be paid over the tenure of more than one year. The companies always attempt to keep its expenses and liabilities less than the value of income. The notion of income changed a great deal whereas, other business models emerged that included no tangible product but they started to sell services such as hotels, medical professionals and even psychologists. The revenues are generated against rendering services to the customer base in the industry (Badelt & Weiss, 1990). In the past times, services industry was not a common way of making a living but now it is considered the most lucrative one regarding its ability to help people in generating income. The professional lenders are also lending their money in order to obtain substantial level of return on the base amount. The capitalists are making money with the help of lending their financial resources to others and interest income is realized as a consequence. The traditional income’s definition is modified and now one does not have to do anything for anyone in order to make obscene amount of money (Greve & Salaff, 2003). The professional lenders have accumulated financia l power by either inheriting the wealth or they managed to make money by hard working in the

Management - 3 tools or approaches that contributes to decision making Essay

Management - 3 tools or approaches that contributes to decision making [sap5] - Essay Example Measures to be implemented are those that draw immense support. In systems 1 and 2, the main features are observed when perceived from objectives-led and problem-oriented planning approaches (Moore & Lowenstein, 2004). The objective of joint-versus-separate decision making solves the problem of people failing to move from suboptimal System 1 thinking to improved System 2 thinking. The system is chosen and considered among multiple options concurrently rather than conceding or declining alternatives separately. The objective approach cites a promising stream of research that evaluates how System 2 thinking can be weighted to lower System 1 errors. It demonstrates that analogical reasoning can be applied in reducing bounds on people’s consciousness like impulsivity and anxiety about relative outcomes. It is possible that the study on joint-against-separate decision making highlights the reality that our initial impulses lean more on emotions than logic (Moore & Lowenstein, 2004). For instance, additional suggestive results in passing exams include the findings that willpower to succeed is weakened when students are placed under severe cognitive burden and when they are insufficient knowledge in their study areas. Students will most likely make less impulsive, but suboptimal decisions during schools years while further making choices in advance of their consequences. Another scenario is where school management adopt unilateral decisions that suggest that change in the decision’ s context that promotes coolheaded System 2 thinking. This has the capability of reducing common biases from arising. I believe that when people get busier on their schedules, their minds get committed irrespective of time constraints faced, thus relying on System 1 thinking. Managers of corporate companies implore System 1 thinking, where superior decision making is a recipe for improving efficiency without sacrificing brand quality. The problem and

Anti-Social Personality Disorder and Psychopathy Comparison

Anti-Social Personality Disorder and Psychopathy Comparison What is the distinction between Anti-Social Personality Disorder and Psychopathy? Is this distinction practically useful? The first step in answering such a question would be to define the terms, it is here that the first problem is encountered. On consulting Rycroft (1977, p.12) it appears that â€Å"behaviour disorder is a psychiatric diagnostic term embracing psychopathy† This definition paraphrases that contained in the fourth edition of the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders referred to by Hare(1993 p.24). In addition to being enduring patterns of markedly deviant behaviour, the characteristics are first diagnosed as a disorder in adolescence or early adulthood. The American definition judges anti social behaviour disorder by what is done. A vastly different definition can be found in Home Office Research Document 225 (Moran Hagell 2001), where, what is put forward, is acceptable behaviour, once again, specifically in adolescents. Thus the Home Office/NHS definition of anti social behaviour is one in which adolescents fail to meet the set of criteria that would identify them as functioning normally. They are judged by what they fail to do. In this document Moran and Hagell do go on to define anti-social personality disorder as an extreme form of anti-social behaviour. They also make a very important distinction, â€Å"anti-social behaviour is what people do whilst anti-social personality disorder is what people have. Psychopathy is a psychiatric and medico legal term for what used to be called moral  imbecility. Despite the fact that Cleckley (1952) suggests that the term psychopathic personality was replaced by personality disorder, it was still in use by the medico-legal authorities in England and Wales as evidenced by its use in the Mental Health Act 1959 where it was defined as: â€Å"a persistent disorder or disability of mind (whether or not including sub normality of  intelligence) which results in abnormally aggressive or seriously irresponsible conduct  on the part of the patient, and requires or is susceptible to medical treatment† In common with anti-social personality disorder, psychopathy is something that a person has rather than does. This distinction from other deviant or socially unacceptable behaviour allows for the treatment of offenders in special hospitals. If these definitions are not sufficient to confuse, in the United States of America the terms psychopath and socio path are used interchangeably. Hare (1993 pp 23-24) condemns this practice and contrary to a large body of medical opinion posits that the terms anti-social personality disorder and psychopathy are not interchangeable either. Hare (1993 p.22) suggests that the confusion and uncertainty surrounding the term psychopathy for which he claims a literal meaning of â€Å"mental illness† is largely due to inappropriate and irresponsible use of the term by the media. According to Hare,(1993 pp34-70) the difference between anti-social personality disorder and psychopathy is that the former refers primarily to a cluster of criminal and antisocial behaviours whilst the latter is a syndrome defined by a cluster of both personality traits and socially deviant behaviours. He has produced a list of key symptoms of psychopathy. Hare shows that the criteria for diagnosis of psychopathy is, or should be, different, and following on from this, it can be seen that whilst most criminals are not psychopaths many criminals will have some degree of anti-social personality disorder. If the distinction between psychopathy and anti social personality disorder was universally agreed and referred to in the treatment of offenders then it might have a practical usefulness. Alas this is not the case, even the criteria for determining psychopathy cannot be agreed. In 1995 Prins as quoted by Bartlett and Sandland (2003 p311) added further indicators to the criteria for diagnosis. Does this mean that some offenders have previously been misdiagnosed? The distinction that Hare continues to make between psychopathy and anti-social behaviour is not universally accepted. In England, the medical profession are slowly beginning to contest the insistence of separating psychopathy from anti-social personality disorders. Bartlett and Sandland (2000 pp48-51) point to the fact that Section 1(2) of the Mental Health Act 1983 defines the terms used in the Act and whilst they accept the definition of other terms in the sub section they strongly contest the validity of the definition of psychopathic disorder. They base their argument on the fact that the criteria for definition are not distinct from the results of that behaviour. They argue that: â€Å"abnormally aggressive or seriously irresponsible conduct does not merely characterise the  malady; they are indistinguishable from it, at least in current medical understanding†. They suggest that the medical profession consider the term psychopathy outdated and prefer instead to speak of anti-social or dis-social personality disorder. It is not only within England and Wales that there is disagreement, the mental health legislation in Scotland and Northern Ireland does not distinguish between psychopathy and anti-social behaviour disorder. Even amongst the legal and medical establishments of Great Britain and Northern Ireland there is no agreement. Gough (1968) suggests that the concept of psychopathy can be traced to the work of J. C. Pritchard who in 1885 classified psychiatric disorders into two broad categories, moral and intellectual sanity. Pritchard referred to aberrations of the conative and emotional areas of the brain. That Pritchards thinking affected other health professionals can be inferred from the work of Grob (1994 pp149-150) in which he recounts the history of Boston Psychopathic Hospital which opened in 1912. Amongst the variety of deviant types who were treated there, were prostitutes and juvenile delinquents. By current definitions these types indulge in anti-social behaviour but without further in-depth diagnosis neither would be classed as psychopathic. Perhaps this type of thinking was influenced by Ceasare Lombroso (1876) who claimed that the heavy punishments of his day could not be justified by the effect they might have, because the behaviour of those who committed crime could not be changed. They were born criminals. In an age of more enlightened approach towards criminality Fennell and Yeates (1999) propose that there is undoubtedly a moral hierarchy of mental disorder. They suggest that in crude terms the mentally ill are divided into afflicted or deserving mad whilst people with anti social personality disorder; and the definition which includes psychopathy is assumed here; are seen as the bad mad or undeserving mad. Unfortunately it seems that this classification of the mentally ill, fuelled by the media has developed a strong and negative influence on popular perceptions of those mental disorders which are identified by anti-social behaviour. The theory of criminal behaviour proposed by Eysenck in 1964 muddies the water even further Peck and Whitlow(1979) examine his claims that extroverts are more likely to show more criminal behaviour. Although a later study by Cochrane in 1974 discredited this conclusion it does point to an over emphasis on which type of people are prone to anti-social behaviour rather than why anti-social behaviour occurs. At least Hare (1993) makes an attempt to explain why psychopathy occurs in certain individuals, he suggests that something is missing and that this something is conscience. A dictionary definition of conscience would include, moral sense, the sense of right and wrong. It is this sense which is missing in the psychopath. In psychology the notion of conscience is closely related to the psychoanalytic theories of Freud. Wrightsman (1997) explains how these theories have contributed to social psychology and particularly the understanding of the socialisation of the individual. He explains that the contents of the superego are distilled from the influences of parents, teachers and other persons and eventually become internalised as conscience. Braithwaite (2003 p394-395) in his work on re-integrative shaming suggests that conscience is what prevents most people from committing crime rather than the deterrence of punishment. He suggests that societies which replace much of punishment, as a means of social control, with shaming and appeals to the better natures of people, have less crime. The argument continues that punishment should be reserved for the psychopaths because they are beyond shaming. The problem arises once again that punishment will not deter further offending. The psychopath will play the game whilst confined but on release, because of his inability to learn from experience, will continue to offend. Braithwaites suggestion indicates that our prisons should be full of psychopaths which is clearly not the case. If this argument was put forward in respect of people suffering from anti-social personality disorder it would be more credible. The notion of born criminal continues and to compound the problem further Graft (1961) suggested that there is probably more than one type of psychopath, he included, brain damaged, affectionless, emotionally unstable and impulsive. To this list can be added the sexual psychopath (Dobson 1981). Without actually using this phrase Marshall and Barbaree (1990) as cited by Ward, Polaschek and Beech ( 2006 pp33-45) suggest similarities between psychopaths and sexual offenders, notably that both groups are likely to have experienced physical and sexual abuse as children. Although there may be some similarities between types, not all sexual offenders are psychopaths, nor are all psychopaths sexual offenders. Such indiscriminate use of the term psychopath is not helpful and probably only serves to fuel the belief that nothing can be done to alleviate the condition. As late as 1976 Cleckley, whose work is discussed by Hare(1993 pp27-28) suggested that since psychopaths cannot benefit from exp erience there is little that can be done for them. Perhaps this pessimistic view stems from the belief that the onset of anti social personality disorder occurs in adolescence or early adulthood. Hare (1999) cites the work of sociologist William McCord in which it was concluded that although attempts to deflect a person from psychopathic patterns in early life had not been successful, there was hope for those programmes in which an individuals social and physical environment was completely changed. McCord appears to have recognised that sufferers from anti-social behaviour disorder are not born bad but might be made bad as a result of early life experiences. This suggestion appears to be born out by the work of Rutter et al (2007) with Romanian adoptees who had suffered trauma as a result of institutional deprivation. Rutter and his colleagues have shown that the early influences in life, particularly the influence or lack of parental care, can have profound effects on the development of the child. It is not suggested that early separation from the mother automatically causes anti-social behaviour disorder, but Rutter and his colleagues have shown that adverse early life experiences do cause trauma and disruption of emotional and psychological development, what has been described as the primal wound. What is important about studies of adopted institutionalised children is that whilst their behaviour is what they do, it can be linked to the trauma they have suffered and to the resultant emotional and psychological problems that they have. Optimistically Rutter believes that even when emotional and socialising deprivation has occurred, it can be addressed, and the sooner it is addressed, the greater the chances of the abandoned child leading a relatively normal life. He found that those children who had been institutionalised for less than six months fared better than those who had been institutionalised for a longer period. Rutter and his colleagues discovered that children in their sample who had suffered institutional deprivation in Romania had greater problems than those from Romania who had not been in an institution, or children who had been adopted from within the U.K. It was noted that IQ and inattention had a negative effect on scholastic attainment, the children exhibited autistic like patterns, possibly a response to profound lack of interpersonal interactions and conversations. These children also suffered dis-inhibited attachment, inattention/over-activity problems and emotional and conduct disturbances. The findings concerning scholastic attainment are borne out by research conducted by Beckett et al (2007). When considering the work of Goldfarb (1943) as cited by Woods (2004) the foregoing should not be surprising, his research showed that institutionalised children show higher levels of aggressive behaviour and score lower in IQ and sociability tests than non institutionalised children but these problems were more severe for those children who remained in the orphanage for longer. A few years later Bowlbys (1951) maternal deprivation hypothesis suggested that a failed or damaged attachment was likely to cause long term difficulties for a child. Despite the fact that Bowlbys research was criticised as being flawed, Woods (2004) reveals that his emphasis on bonding and attachment has been held to be correct by Michael Rutter(1982) If the foregoing is examined in the light of the NHS/Health Advisory Service indicators of 1995, that is; a capacity to enter into and sustain mutually satisfying personal relationships, continuing progression of psychological development, an ability to play and learn so that attainments are appropriate for age and intellectual level, a developing moral sense of right and wrong, and a degree of psychological distress and maladaptive behaviour being within the normal limits for the childs age and context, it could be argued that unless these problems are resolved such children might be in danger of exhibiting anti-social behaviour and/or developing anti-social personality disorder. This hypothesis is stated to make the point that a lack of clear definition, and aetiology in the study and management of anti-social behaviour disorder and psychopathy, if indeed the two are separate, only serves to encourage much more speculative explanations of behaviour. There is perhaps a belief that it is unreasonable to label a child as a psychopath and if this is one of the reasons that the British medical establishment prefer the designation anti-social personality disorder then this is beneficial, particularly if it prompts recognition that symptoms of the disorder are recognisable at a very early age. Certainly the research of Goldfarb, Bowlby, Rutter and others has  shown that causes for anti-social behaviour in children can be identified and responded to, the earlier the response the greater the chance of effecting fundamental change. Experimental data concerning the effects on animals of enriched and impoverished environments is readily available and supports the conclusions based on observations of adopted children. Boddy (1981pp205-208 ) describes experiments carried out by Bennet et al in 1964 in which it was found that rats from age twenty five days to eighty days reared in an enriched environment had cerebral cortices which were thicker and heavier than rats of the same age reared in impoverished environments. This study was complemented by work conducted by Krech et al in 1962. This study found that differences in learning ability correlated with structural and biochemical differences induced in the cerebral cortex as a result of exposure to different environments. Obviously similar experimentation on the human brain is unacceptable and the only evidence available is from the post mortem examination of human brains. Boddy points to the study of the brain of a blind deaf mute carried out by Donaldson (1980) which was found to have atrophied visual and auditory areas. Sight and sound were missing as a result of defects in the corresponding areas of the brain. If, as the studies with institutionalised children appear to show early damage due to a deprived environment may be repairable, why does there appear to be permanence of psychopathy or anti-social behaviour disorder in adults? The psychopathic personality scores high as an extrovert and Boddy (1981 p253) quotes Grays work of 1972 in pointing out that the extrovert is not readily conditionable because the septo-hippocampal system which inhibits responses that have been punished or have failed to elicit reward is relatively insensitive. There is more than a suggestion here that conscience, guilt and remorse are missing in the psychopathic personality because of a defect in the septo-hippocampal system. Because of their psychological profile psychopaths and people suffering from anti-social behaviour disorder are unlikely to seek out or even believe that they need therapy. If this class of person is forced into undergoing therapy, for example by the justice system, they are unlikely to take an active part in their treatment. It could be argued that their belief systems are so entrenched that they cannot be changed. Aitkenhead and Slack (1985 p323) suggest that we acquire a large body of knowledge over a lifetime and that this knowledge is incorporated into our belief systems which then affects our interactions with society. It maybe that certain information has to be acquired at specific times in life. Body (1981 p208) points to the work of the ethologist Nash in 1970 which has wide support amongst psychologists. Nash suggested that the external stimuli for many crucial events in development must occur within critical periods. If this is true then it would explain why adults with psychopathic personality disorder or anti-social personality disorder do not, indeed cannot respond to therapy. If the window of opportunity for essential socialising influences can be identified then steps can be taken to ensure the necessary conditions for socialisation are present. In the absence of this information an assumption that these conditions should be available from birth or as soon as possible afterwards may eliminate or reduce the instances of psychopathy and anti-social behaviour disorder. There is no doubt that anti-social behaviour disorder and psychopathic personality disorder cause problems for society and for the individuals concerned. Even here there is no clear understanding of the immensity of the problem. Rutter, Gillo and Hagell (1998) suggest that obtaining accurate data on which to assess the state of the problem that anti -social behaviour poses is also problematical. There is no single source of data concerning anti-social behaviour, therefore data has to be drawn from official statistics, criminal records, victim surveys and self report data which means that research is based on estimates rather than facts. What is the distinction between Anti-Social Personality Disorder and Psychopathy? Is this distinction practically useful? It is difficult, if not impossible, to determine if there is any real distinction between these two afflictions or if there is only one malady with two or more names. Hare(1993 pp34-70) does make a distinction between anti-social personality disorder and psychopathy in that one refers primarily to a cluster of criminal and antisocial behaviours whilst the other is a syndrome defined by a cluster of both personality traits and socially deviant behaviours. Hares view seems to be in the minority. The continued distinction appears to have no practical use at all. Scotland and N.Ireland seem to manage quite well without making a legal distinction. A universal adoption of the term anti-social behaviour disorder or better still, psychopathy in its original meaning of â€Å"mental illness† might have more practical use if it removed the sad/bad madness dichotomy. M ore accurate collection of data would obviously help to obtain a clearer understanding of the extent of the problem. The practice of waiting until adolescence or early adulthood before diagnosis,when previous research indicates that at this point nothing can be done to change behaviour, seems to be insane. In the light of the work conducted by Nash, Goldfarb, Bowlby, Rutter and others, the sane, the moral, thing to do would be to diagnose as early as possible after birth and then put measures in place to ensure that all developmental milestones are achieved. What the affliction is called is not nearly as important as its treatment. References Bartlett P. Sandford R. (2003) Mental Health Law, Policy Practice. (2nd Ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Beckett C. Maughan B. Rutter M. Castle J. Colvert E. Groothues C. Hawkins A. Kreppner J. OConnor T.G. Stevens S. Sonuga-Barke E.J. (2007). Scholastic Attainment Following Severe Early Institutionalised Deprivation: A study of Children Adopted from Romania. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 1063-1073 Retrieved 1 November 2008 from e-prints Soton, University of Southampton. Boddy J. (1981) Brain Systems and Psychological Concepts. Chichester: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Braithwaite J. (1996) Re-integrative Shaming. In McLaughlin E. Muncie J. Hughes G. (Ed) Criminological Perspectives 293-299. London: Sage. Dobson A.P. (1981) Cases and Statutes on Criminal Law (2nd Ed). London: Sweet and Maxwell. Gabor T (1986) The Prediction of Criminal Behaviour. Toronto: Toronto University Press. Gough H.G. (1968) A Sociological Theory of Psychopathy in Spitzer S.P. Dervain. N.K. (Ed). The Mental Patient:Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: McGraw Hill (1968) 60-67. Grob M. (1994) The Mad Among Us. Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press. Hare R.D. (1999) Without Conscience.The Disturbing World of the Psychopath Among Us. New York: Guildford Press. Moran P. Hagell A (2001) . Intervening to Prevent Anti-Social Personality Disorder. Home Office Research Study 255. London. Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate Retrieved Home Office Data Base October 31, 2008 from www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs/hors225.pdf Peck D. Whitlow D.(1975) Approaches to Personality Theory. London: Methuen. Rycroft C. (1977) A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Rutter M. Beckett C. Castle J. Colvert E. Kreppner J. Mehta M. (2007) Effects of Profound Early Institutional Deprivation: An Overview of Findings from a U.K. Longitudinal Study of Romanian Adoptees. European Jouurnal of Developmental Psychology 4(3) 332-350 Rutter M. Gillo H. Hagell A. (1998) Antisocial Behaviour by Young People. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ward T. Polaschek D.L.L. Beech A.R. (2006) Theories of Sexual Offending. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Wrightsman L.S. (1972) Social Psychology (2nd Ed). Monterey Cal: Brookes Cole Publishing.

Cultural Engineering of the Poetic Parental Instinct :: Areopagitica John Milton Poetry Essays

Cultural Engineering of the Poetic Parental Instinct It seems that biological genetic engineering is not a contained threat; in the last decade it seems to have spilled significantly into cultural and literary studies. In Renaissance studies, this trend becomes evident in Richard A. Goldthwaithe's Wealth and the Demand for Art in Italy: 1300-1600 (1993) and especially in Lisa Jardine's Worldly Goods: A New History of the Renaissance (1996). These "new histories" of "worldly and wealthy" Renaissance attempt to present consumerism and Thatcherism as the moving spirit of Renaissance society and art. Considering the mere fact that less than 5% of the population could have afforded art, this search for Thatcherite "motions" in Renaissance society and culture seems to correlate, in its result, to what T. S. Eliot defines as artists' search for new emotions in art. Unfortunately, this trend of engineering the cultural history can be observed, albeit in a slightly different form, also in the studies of individual authors and their works, and J ohn Milton and his Areopagitica are no exception. One of the reasons for this trend in Milton studies and this particular pamphlet can be sought in the over-saturation of Areopagitica criticism dealing, to a great extent, with various aspects of authorial intention and textual authority. This particular strain seems to have been brought to the point of absurdity in Paul M. Dowling's Polite Wisdom: Heathen Rhetoric in Milton's "Areopagitica" (1995), a book from which one can conclude, in contrast to earlier criticism (Barker, Kendrick, Belsey), that Milton's main intention for his pamphlet was to be understood at two levels—as suggested in Dowling's title— and to defend simply the freedom of philosophic speech. As D. F. McKenzie has noted, recently there has been a shift of scholarly interest in Milton's Areopagitica from "questions of authorial intention and textual authority to those of textual dissemination and readership" (Miller 26). While this distancing from the authorial intention has resulted in some illuminating works about the world of printing, Renaissance economy, censorship and public sphere (Miller, Sherman, Norbrook), it has also produced some curious side-effects because the critics cannot avoid, in their final analysis, touching upon the authorial intention in the light of their newly made discoveries. Thus, Stephen B. Dobranski suggests that, since Areopagitica is about books, "the reading of the text should begin (but not, of course, end) by placing the pamphlet within the world of printing"

Organic Food and Wild Oats Essay

Strong revenue growth Focused growth strategy Wide product portfolioWeak international operations Conservative international policy Increasing rental expenses OpportunitiesThreats Higher demand for organic products Expansion in the UK Growth in private label productsIncreasing competition Labeling and other regulations Slowdown in the US economy StrengthsWeaknesses Strong revenue growth Focused growth strategy Wide product portfolioWeak international operations Conservative international policy Increasing rental expenses OpportunitiesThreats Higher demand for organic products. Expansion in the UK Growth in private label productsIncreasing competition Labeling and other regulations Slowdown in the US economy AI Global Management. 8-26-14. INSTRUCTOR: Who wasn’t here last week? I’m looking at Michelle. So you are the only one that wasn’t here last week? Mrs. Johnson were you here last week. I’m going to pass out the assignments for next week for you. STUDENT: The PowerPoint one. INSTRUCTOR: Whole foods. So what you had to do just to remind everybody you have to take a look at those two companies, and do some research, did find out strategically what really happened? STUDENT: Do you have extra copies? I wasn’t here last week. INSTRUCTOR: I thought I asked who wasn’t here last week? Okay. We have to strategically do some research on both of these companies. You have your case study in front of you very thorough. You have to find out what kind of decision was made that created really an issue for Wild Oats — because initially when this company was put together, they were killing Whole Foods. They were Whole Foods before Whole Foods existed. They were doing wonderful. Growing, expanding in the same type of market. I know both cases, so I know a lot of answers, but all of a sudden some decision was made in their minds relatively strategic, but it turned out to be some pretty bad decisions. How many of you has heard of Wild Oats. All of us have heard of Whole Foods because they are in existence. So you have to run this as if you are the CEO of both take both sides. Compare and contrast and take a look at Wild Oats, and what happened to them. Take a look at the great decision, and then things started going south relatively quickly for them. Yet Whole Foods was the underdog. Now Whole Foods is doing. Well, I guess. Manufacture moving forward.

Australias distribution repor essays

Australia's distribution repor essays Factors affecting Australias distribution of income and wealth There are many factors affecting the distribution of income (Y) and wealth which can be grouped into either variations in socioeconomic characteristics, the developments in the economy and changes in the labour market. 1. Gender (Despite Equal Pay for Equal Work 1969, inequality still exists) - The average Y for females is considerably lower than males in major areas of occupation, and even in the same occupation category - Females receive less % of their Y from earned sources (wages, business, trade etc) and receive more government benefits e.g. single parent assistance - Y tends to be highest between 25- 54 years (45-54 the highest) - Males and females 15- 24 less as they have less education and training, and experience - Different occupations require different levels of educational skills/qualifications - There is unequal Y distribution across 8 major occupational groups e.g. the highest paid group are the managers and administrators (involve high risk decision making etc) and the lowest are labourers and semi-skilled workers - Working conditions are important e.g. dangerous, dirty and irregular hours pay higher wages - Wage differences can occur within same occupational groups, in terms of experience, distant locations or more profitable firms - Statistics show that migrants from non-English speaking backgrounds have the lowest overall Y, while migrants from English-speaking have the highest - The point of residence for migrants also has impacts e.g. those from the US, Britain and South Africa (more developed countries...) - The longer the length of residence in Australia results in a higher average Y - Aboriginal Australians have the lowest average Y per annum - Y units range from young single people just out of school, to couples with dependent children, through to the elderly retired single or couples - According to quintile gro...